Soxhlet extraction parameters’ influence on the recovery of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) from a sediment,and artifact formation of PCDD

Soxhlet extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) from sediment was studied using a designed experimental set‐up. Three variables were studied: three solvent combinations n‐hexane/methanol, dichloromethane/acetone and toluene/methanol; two extraction times, 8 and 16 h, and addition of bulk substances (sodium carbonate). The extraction efficiency was almost identical in all extractions, with the exception of extraction where toluene/ methanol was combined with sodium carbonate. In these samples a major effect was observed, due to formation of Hx‐, Hp‐ and OCDD isomers. Composition of formed PCDD was similar to PCDD isomers found in pentachlorophenol products.     

油藏微生物群落分布及提高采收率的模拟实验研究

对取自大庆油田各类油藏的126个地层油水样品中部分微生物进行了培养计数和分析,检测出大庆油田地层水中含有好氧和厌氧微生物9类.在此基础上,进行了微生物提高石油采收率的物理模拟试验.结果表明,通过激活油藏地层水中的微生物,可以使油藏压力上升0.2MPa,并提高采收率幅度9%以上.     

Pair territoriality of wintering stonechats : behaviour,function and hormones

Migratory stonechats (Saxicola torquata) spend the winter in the northern Negev desert in Israel. After arrival in October most birds defend territories throughout the winter either as heterosexual pairs or as single birds. In this population we examined: (1) aggressive behaviour of pairs; (2) the functional significance of pair territoriality; and (3) hormonal correlates of territorial behaviour. Pairs were aggressive towards both conspecific intruders and stonechat dummies, particularly in autumn when territories were established. Males were more aggressive than females and aggression was primarily intrasexual. More frequent than intraspecific interactions were interspecific encounters, with 94% involving the local mourning wheatear (Oenanthe lugens). With one exception these encounters consisted of attacks of mourning wheatears against stonechats, mainly males. Two functions of winter territoriality of migrant pairs are proposed: (a) a reduction of individual defense costs associated with the maintenance of a territory; (b) an increase of the net vigilance to reduce the risk of attacks by competitors or predators. The levels of testosterone (males and females) and estradiol (females only) were close to or below the lower detection limit of the assay throughout the winter. Therefore, high levels of gonadal steroids are not required for pair formation and aggression in the non-reproductive context. The results indicate that both the function and the proximate control mechanisms of territoriality during the non-breeding season in winter are different from those during the breeding season in spring.     

基于VOCs加密监测的上海典型臭氧污染过程特征及成因分析

针对2017年8月4—7日在上海市及周边城市发生的臭氧污染过程,结合30个采样点连续4 d的大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)苏玛罐样品分析数据及O_3和NO_2在线监测数据,分析了此次污染过程的O_3和NO_2的时间变化特征、VOCs组分及臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的空间分布特征,并对VOCs来源进行了研究.结果表明,采样期间,上海市的O_3和NO_2平均浓度水平总体均高于周边的5个城市.VOCs均值浓度的空间分布总体为西北部高于东南部,上海市VOCs均值浓度为48×10~(-9),相较周边城市处于中间水平.上海市各类VOCs浓度为OVOCs烷烃卤代烃芳香烃烯炔烃,OFP贡献为芳香烃烯炔烃烷烃OVOCs和卤代烃.VOCs源解析结果显示机动车、溶剂使用、化工和石化工艺过程是上海市VOCs的3个主要来源.结合VOCs来源解析与OFP的贡献分析,控制上海市臭氧污染需重点削减溶剂使用和化工工艺过程中的甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯和苯等芳香烃的排放,同时加强机动车和石化工艺过程中丙烯、乙烯和乙炔的排放控制.     

Emission factors, ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of volatile organic compounds emitted from industrial biomass boilers

To evaluate the potential benefits of biomass use for air pollution control, this paper identified and quantified the emissions of major reactive organic compounds anticipated from biomass-fired industrial boilers. Wood pellets(WP) and straw pellets(SP) were burned to determine the volatile organic compound emission profiles for each biomass-boiler combination. More than 100 types of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were measured from the two biomass boilers. The measured VOC species included alkanes, alkenes and acetylenes, aromatics, halocarbons and carbonyls. A single coal-fired boiler(CB) was also studied to provide a basis for comparison. Biomass boiler 1(BB1) emitted relatively high proportions of alkanes(28.9%–38.1% by mass) and alkenes and acetylenes(23.4%–40.8%),while biomass boiler 2(BB2) emitted relatively high proportions of aromatics(27.9%–29.2%)and oxygenated VOCs(33.0%–44.8%). The total VOC(TVOC) emission factors from BB1(128.59–146.16 mg/kg) were higher than those from BB2(41.26–85.29 mg/kg). The total ozone formation potential(OFP) ranged from 6.26 to 81.75 mg/m~3 with an average of 33.66 mg/m~3 for the two biomass boilers. The total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP) ranged from 61.56 to 211.67 mg/m~3 with an average of 142.27 mg/m~3 for the two biomass boilers.The emission factors(EFs) of TVOCs from biomass boilers in this study were similar to those for industrial coal-fired boilers with the same thermal power. These data can supplement existing VOC emission factors for biomass combustion and thus enrich the VOC emission inventory.     

Effects of relative humidity and PM2.5 chemical compositions on visibility impairment in Chengdu, China

To better understand the potential causes of visibility impairment in autumn and winter in Chengdu, relative humidity(RH), visibility, the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and its chemical components were on-line measured continuously in Chengdu from Nov. 2016 to Jan. 2017.Six obvious haze episodes occurred in Chengdu, with the total time of haze episodes accounted for more than 90% of the total observation period, and higher NO_2 concentrations and RH were related to the high particle concentrations in haze episodes. The visibility decreased in a non-linear tendency under different RH conditions with the increase of PM_(2.5) concentrations, which was more sensitive to RH under lower PM_(2.5) concentrations. The threshold concentration of PM_(2.5) got more smaller with the increase of RH. During the entire observation period, organic matter(OM) was the largest contributor(31.12% to extinction coefficient(bext)), followed by NH_4NO_3 and(NH_4)_2SO_4 with 28.03% and 23.01%, respectively.However, with the visibility impairment from Type I(visibility 10 km) to Type IV(visibility ≤ 2 km), the contribution of OM to bextdecreased from 38.12% to 26.77%, while the contribution of NH_4NO_3 and(NH_4)_2SO_4 to bextincreased from 19.09% and 20.20% to 34.29% and 24.35%, respectively, and NH_4NO_3 became the largest contributor to bextat Type IV. The results showed that OM and NH_4NO_3 were the key components of PM_(2.5) for visibility impairment in Chengdu, indicating that the control of precursors emissions of carbonaceous species and NH_4NO_3 could effectively improve the visibility in Chengdu.     

Phosphogypsum stabilization of bauxite residue: Conversion of its alkaline characteristics

Reduction of the high alkalinity of bauxite residue is a key problem to solve to make it suitable for plant growth and comprehensive utilization. In this study, phosphogypsum, a waste product from the phosphate fertilizer industry, was used to drive the alkaline transformation of the bauxite residue. Under optimal water washing conditions(liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 24 hr), the impact of quantity added, reaction time and reaction mechanism during phosphogypsum application were investigated. Phosphogypsum addition effectively lowered p H levels and reduced the soluble alkalinity by 92.2%. It was found that the concentration of soluble Na and Ca ions in the supernatant increased gradually, whilst the exchangeable Na+and Ca~(2+)in solid phase changed 112 mg/kg and 259 mg/kg, respectively. Ca~(2+)became the dominant element in the solid phase(phosphogypsum addition of 2%, liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 12 hr). X-ray diffraction data indicated that cancrinite and hydrogarnet were the primary alkaline minerals. SEM images suggested that phosphogypsum could promote the formation of stable macroaggregates, whilst the content of Ca~(2+)increased from 5.6% to 18.2% and Na reduced from 6.8% to 2.4%. Treatment with phosphogypsum could significantly promote the transformation of alkalinity cations by neutralization, precipitation and replacement reactions.This research provided a feasible method to promote soil formation of bauxite residue by phosphogypsum amendment.     

淮南潘谢矿区岩溶水化学特征及其形成机制研究

淮南煤田深部煤层开采受其下部岩溶水害的干扰,分析其化学组分分布规律、探讨其形成过程,可为水害防治提供一定的理论指导。本文以淮南潘谢矿区太原组岩溶含水层为研究对象,通过分析其水文地质背景,采用多元统计、水化学组分、水文地球化学反向模拟等方法,对该区两个次一级水文地质单元的水化学组分进行分析。结果表明：受挤压-拉张作用下的古地貌是影响古地下水补、径、排的重要因素;Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区阴、阳离子均以Cl^-、Na⁺+K⁺为主,但Ⅱ区中HCO₃^-占比较大,且Ⅰ区SO₄^2-含量大于Ⅱ区;受局部开放的氧化环境影响,Ⅰ区主要以阳离子交换作用为主,存在黄铁矿氧化,而Ⅱ区以阳离子交换作用与黄铁矿的氧化为主,为还原环境,但逐步向部分氧化环境转变;长期的矿山开采活动使得区内岩溶地下水流系统发生持续改变,也是影响单元间岩溶水质产生差异性的重要因素。     

北京森林BVOCs排放特征及对区域空气质量的影响

利用林业二类调查蓄积资料,广泛调研植物源挥发性有机物（BVOCs）排放因子的最新研究成果,运用光温影响模型对北京森林BVOCs排放特征进行研究,并分析其对区域空气质量的影响.结果显示,2015年北京森林BVOCs排放量平均值为27.97×10⁹g C/a,变化域值范围为（9.46~76.45）×10⁹g C/a,其中异戊二烯、单萜烯和其他VOCs贡献率分别为75.09%、15.62%和9.29%.不同树种间BVOCs排放量差异较大,杨树和栎树是主要的异戊二烯排放源,贡献率分别为63.16%和25.92%;油松是主要的单萜烯排放源,贡献率为40.90%.不同龄级林对BVOCs排放的贡献不同,中龄林贡献率最大,占总量的39.14%.BVOCs排放呈夏季高、冬季低的特征,春、夏、秋、冬排放量分别占全年的12.55%、77.48%、9.76%和0.21%.BVOCs对O₃生成潜势的贡献量为240.51×10⁹g,其中异戊二烯占92.66%,是主要的贡献者;对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势的贡献量为1.73×10⁹g,异戊二烯和单萜烯分别占24.26%和75.73%.研究表明,北京森林BVOCs排放会导致大气年均SOA浓度增加0.94μg/m³,O₃浓度上升9.01μg/m³,特别是对夏季O₃污染具有较大贡献.建议城市绿化时应从有助于空气质量改善的角度考虑树种的VOCs排放能力.     

基于排放清单和实地测试的工业VOCs排放特征:以郑州市高新区为例

基于本地污染源调查,同时对重点工业行业进行实地采样测试,建立了郑州市高新区工业VOCs排放清单及组分清单,并评估了 VOCs各组分的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAp).结果表明,2017年郑州市高新区工业源VOCs排放总量为4 566.0 t,橡胶和塑料制品业、设备制造业和有色金属业是排放量最大的3个行业,排放量分别为1 924.2、1 396.3和813.4 t;各VOCs组分中,烷烃占比最大(40.9％),其次是含氧VOCs(32.2％)和芳香烃(20.3％);异丙醇、正十二烷、甲苯、甲基环己烷和丙酮是排放量最大的5种物质;OFP总量为8 753.8 t,最大贡献源和VOCs种类分别为设备制造业和芳香烃;SOAp总量为643.0 t,贡献较大的排放源为设备制造业和铝箔制造业,烷烃和芳香烃是两种主要贡献组分.