跌水曝气生物滤池的挂膜与启动研究

为实现污水的无能耗处理,根据"跌水曝气式生物滤塔"专利设计制作了5层跌水曝气生物滤池,对其在生活污水处理过程中的自然挂膜过程进行研究,分析了挂膜过程中生物相的变化及对COD、NH4+-N的去除效果。试验结果表明:COD的去除主要集中在滤池的中上部(第1、2、3滤料层),而对NH4+-N的去除主要集中在中下部(第4、5滤料层)。当COD的去除率稳定在61.5%左右,NH4+-N的去除率稳定在56%以上,且滤料中的生物相趋于稳定时,标志着反应器挂膜已完成,历时约21 d。     

“自由落体”游乐设备直流电机故障分析

创新是大型游乐设施占领市场的核心竞争力,但创新也容易引发各类问题及不确定性,特别是涉及游乐设备可维护性方面,更容易在创新过程中忽视。本文以国外设备供应商生产的“自由落体”游乐设备的故障入手,从研究直流电机故障机理、维修方案以及设计维保建议等几个方面,提出提升直流电机可维护性的举措,主张行业的设计人员不但要聚焦大型游乐设施的趣味性,也要更多关注如何提高大型游乐设施的可靠性、可维护性。     

城乡统筹中新型城市形态创制的要素关系

在中国，城乡统筹作为整体发展的一个基本机制，一方面反映了社会主义共同富裕的道义原则，另一方面也是由城市和农村的各自状况及其相互关系所规定的必然要求。与此相一致．新型城市形态既是一个发展理念．也是一个具体的建设内容和文明形态．它所表明的就是城市本身在城乡统筹的具体实施中逐步生成的整体形态特征。作为自觉的发展理念和建设实践．新型城市形态至少需要针对几个主要的要素关系进行相应的政策、制度、甚至法律创制。对此。本文指出并说明了以下主要几个方面：①同一辖区内不同行政级别之间的政府职能及行为关系：②本地（或常驻）居民与外来（或流动）农村人员的关系；③不同社会群体与发展取向的关系；④城市内部在形象塑造中的精抻面貌、生活方式、消费导向、开放态度，以及行政划分和政策连接等方面的城乡关系。     

长三角经济增长与碳排放异速关系及形成机制

低碳经济是长三角高质量一体化发展的内在要求。针对2000—2017年长三角地区经济增长与碳排放时空关联、异速增长关系及影响因素的研究发现：（1）长三角地区经济增长与碳排放具有正向关联,关联强度总体呈“V”型波动变化。2000—2008年高关联强度区相对集中分布于苏南、苏北及浙中等地区,2009—2017年空间关联强度明显下降,大体呈“南低北高”分布。（2）长三角地区经济增长与碳排放异速变化以经济扩张弱型为主,大部分地区经济增长与碳排放异速关系实现由正转负。（3）地理探测器诊断第二产业比例、第三产业比例、城市化和人口密度是驱动长三角地区经济增长与碳排放异速变动的主要因子。（4）多尺度地理加权回归表明人口密度显著负向影响长三角地区经济增长与碳排放异速变化,投资强度和财政支出强度起到抑制作用,城市化和消费水平表现出先促进后抵消作用,第二产业与第三产业占比及固碳水平则起到先抑制后促进作用。     

Secondary organic aerosol formation from straw burning using an oxidation flow reactor

Herein, we use an oxidation flow reactor, Gothenburg: Potential Aerosol Mass (Go: PAM) reactor, to investigate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from wheat straw burning. Biomass burning emissions are exposed to high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) to simulate processes equivalent to atmospheric oxidation of 0-2.55 days. Primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated, and particles were measured before and after the Go: PAM reactor. The influence of water content (i.e. 5% and 11%) in wheat straw was also explored. Two burning stages, the flaming stage, and non-flaming stages, were identified. Primary particle emission factors (EFs) at a water content of 11% (∼3.89 g/kg-fuel) are significantly higher than those at a water content of 5% (∼2.26 g/kg-fuel) during the flaming stage. However, the water content showed no significant influence at the non-flaming stage. EFs of aromatics at a non-flaming stage (321.8±46.2 mg/kg-fuel) are larger than that at a flaming stage (130.9±37.1 mg/kg-fuel). The OA enhancement ratios increased with the increase in OH exposure at first and decreased with the additional increment of OH exposure. The maximum OA enhancement ratio is ∼12 during the non-flaming stages, which is much higher than ∼ 1.7 during the flaming stages. The mass spectrum of the primary wheat burning organic aerosols closely resembles that of resolved biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) based on measurements in ambient air. Our results show that large gap (∼60%-90%) still remains to estimate biomass burning SOA if only the oxidation of VOCs were included.     

滨州市海洋环境灾害与减灾对策

以文献资料法研究了滨州市海域环境灾害历史 ,分析了灾害成因 ,提出了防灾救灾对策。研究结果 :该海域 136 8～ 1999年 ,共发生风暴潮 35次 ;有历史记载的发生海啸一次 ;受全球海平面上升和该市构造沉降双重影响 ,2 0 5 0年海平面将相对上升 2 0～ 30cm ;自 1976年至今 ,海岸线每年蚀退 13km2 ;近 5 0a来 ,较严重的海冰大致 5a出现一次 ;1989～ 1999年发生赤潮 4次。引发该市海洋环境灾害的原因有地理、地质、气象等自然因素 ,但赤潮的发生是海洋环境污染所致。海洋环境灾害对该市经济社会展构成了严重威胁 ,应从可持续发展战略高度制定海洋防灾减灾对策和措施。     

四川省“低荒”资源成因分析与开发对策

本文从分析评价四川省“低荒”资源入手，探讨了“低荒”资源的现状和分布特点，分析了其成因并提出了开发“低荒”资源的对策．     

AOX Formation and Elimination in the Oxidative Treatment of Synthetic Wastewaters in a UV-Free Surface Reactor (6 pp)

Intention, Goal, Scope, Background The effect of chloride concentration and pH on the UV oxidation systems was examined. Phenol and methanol were used as organic substances. The treatment of these chemicals by UV oxidation using a newly developed lab scale pretest UV-Free Surface Reactor (UV-FSR) with and without Cl– addition at different pH values, is evaluated. Results of this study indicated that the Cl– concentration of the water and the chemical structure of the substances is more important than the pH of the water. There was no AOX at the beginning of the experiments, but a de-novo synthesis of AOX was observed during the batch experiments. This is caused by the high chloride content of the wastewaters. It can be supposed that OHradicals oxidize some chloride-ions to form chlorine, which further reacts with organic compounds. During the treatment, these AOX compounds which are produced from the beginning of the reaction are destroyed again. Evaluations of these experiments were done according to TOC and AOX results. Approximately 80% and 99% TOC removal efficiencies were obtained for the treatment of Phenol and Methanol-containing wastewaters, respectively. Objective In the literature, there are no relevant publications concerning the AOX formation of wastewater by wet oxidation- iron catalysed or by application of UV. For that reason, the main objectives of this study were: 1. to see the influence of chloride concentration and pH on the AOXde-novo formation with newly developed UV-Free Surface Reactor (UV-FSR), 2. to make a comparison of different AOPs, 3. to observe the effect of the chloride concentration on the TOC degradation efficiency, 4. to optimise reaction conditions. Methods In synthetic wastewaters, Methanol (CH3OH) and Phenol (C6H5 OH) are used as pollutants. The concentration of each substance was 1000 mg/l and COD values were calculated theoretically. The H2O2 addition was calculated according to the COD with a convenient stoichiometric factor (e.g. 1). During experiments, the pH was always kept constant with the addition of either 25% H2SO4 or 33% NaOH depending on the experimental conditions. Each substance was treated with the addition of 1000 mg/l Cl–, 10000 mg/l Cl– and without Cl– addition at pH 3, pH 7 and pH 10, respectively. NaCl was used as a Cl– source. Adsorbable Organic Halogenides (AOX) were determined using a TOX analyser (European Standard EN 1485 H 14, 1996). TOC measurements were carried out using an Elementar High TOC Analyzer equipped with an auto sampler. The H2O2 concentration was measured according to German Standard Methods (DIN 38409, Part 15, 1987). Results and Discussion The first step was to determine the effect of pH on the AOX formation in the process. Therefore, experiments were carried out at three different pHs: acidic (pH 3), neutral (pH 7) and basic (pH 10) conditions at a constant initial Methanol concentration of 1000 mg/l and a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 3185 mg/l (1 x stoichiometric). All results were evaluated according to applied pH. At these conditions, the amount of H2O2 (53 ml / 10 l) concentration was nearly zero after 1 hour batch treatment of Methanol. There was no AOX at the beginning of the experiments, but the AOX value increased after 6–18 min. At the end of 1 hour batch treatment this produced AOX was treated again. The maximum AOX production was obtained with the addition of 10000 mg/l Cl–, whereas there is no AOX production during the experiment when Cl– was not used. In all studies, however, TOC values decreased to almost zero after 1 hour batch treatment. After the experiments with Methanol, Phenol treatment was carried out at different pHs as a second experiment. pH was kept constant with the addition of either H2SO4 or NaOH depending on the experimental conditions. During experiments with Phenol, the colour of the water changed from colourless to a yellowish- red. After 1 hour treatment, the colour of the water was red. Therefore, these experiments were continued until the water became colourless again, and this took about 5 hours. Although there was no AOX at the beginning of the experiments, it increased after 30 min to 1 hour oxidation with the addition of 1000 mg/l Cl– and 10000 mg/l Cl–. There was no AOX production during the experiments when Cl– was not added. At the end of 5 hours of treatment, formed AOX was degraded and the TOC concentration decreased from 766 mg/l to approximately 200 mg/l. Conclusion. These experiments of this study showed that the effects of Cl– concentration of the water and the chemical structure of the substances is more than that of the pH on the AOX formation. During the batch experiments, a de-novo synthesis of AOX was observed very impressively due to the high chloride content of the wastewaters. It can be implied that OH-radicals oxidize some chloride-ions to form chlorine, which further reacts with organic compounds so that AOXde-novo is formed. At the end of the reaction times these AOX compounds are also destroyed. Recommendation and Outlook It is more cost effective to use these processes for only purposes such as toxicity reduction, enhancement of biodegradability, decolourisation and removal of micropollutants. However, the most important point is the optimization of the reaction conditions for the process of concern. The AOP applied can be used, for instance, for AOX reduction and TOC removal of industrial wastewaters.     

Comparative investigation of coal- and oil-fired boilers based on emission factors, ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials of VOCs

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are the important precursors of the tropospheric ozone(O_3) and secondary organic aerosols(SOA),both of which are known to harm human health and disrupt the earth's climate system.In this study,VOC emission factors,O_3 and SOA formation potentials were estimated for two types of industrial boilers:coal-fired boilers(n=3) and oil-fired boilers(n=3).Results showed that EVOCs concentrations were more than nine times higher for oil-fire d boilers compared to those for coal-fired boilers.Emission factors of ΣVOCs were found to be higher for oil-fired boilers(9.26-32.83 mg-VOC/kg) than for coal-fired boilers(1.57-4.13 mg-VOC/kg).Alkanes and aromatics were obtained as the most abundant groups in coal-fired boilers,while oxygenated organics and aromatics were the most contributing groups in oil-fired boilers.Benzene,n-hexane and o-ethyl toluene were the abundant VOC species in coal-fired boiler emissions,whereas toluene was the most abundant VOC species emitted from oil-fired boilers.O_3 and SOA formation potentials were found 12 and 18 times,respectively,higher for oil-fired than for coal-fired boilers.Total OFP ranged from 3.99 to 11.39 mg-O_3/kg for coal-fired boilers.For oil-fired boilers,total OFP ranged from 36.16 to 131.93 mg-O_3/kg.Moreover,total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP) ranged from 65.4 to 122.5 mg-SOA/kg and 779.9 to 2252.5 mg-SOA/kg for the coal-fired and oil-fired boilers,respectively.     

珠海市秋季大气挥发性有机物变化趋势和大气化学反应活性

为探究珠海市大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）的来源和影响,制定有效的臭氧控制政策,本研究利用在线气相色谱-质谱仪/火焰离子检测器（Online-GC-MS/FID）于2016年9-10月对珠海市大气中96种VOCs进行了测量,并分析了珠海市大气VOCs的组成特征、日变化趋势、来源及其对臭氧生成的贡献.研究结果表明：珠海市大气VOCs中烷烃的体积混合比最高,其次为芳香烃;烷烃、芳香烃日变化趋势明显,具有双峰特征;珠海市大气中丙烷、异戊二烯和芳香烃分别来自于液化石油气（LPG）、天然源和工业排放.通过反向轨迹分析发现,来自珠三角内陆地区的气团传输对珠海VOCs污染具有重要贡献,其对臭氧生成潜势（OFP）的影响主要来自芳香烃.VOCs活性分析表明,芳香烃和烷烃是珠海市OFP的最主要贡献者,其中甲苯、间/对二甲苯和乙烯是对OFP贡献最大的物种,因此控制人为源VOCs排放是未来珠海市臭氧污染控制的重点.