Exploring the severity of bicycle–vehicle crashes using latent class clustering approach in India

IntroductionBicyclists are vulnerable users in the shared asset like roadways. However, people still prefer to use bicycles for environmental, societal, and health benefits. In India, the bicycle plays a role in supporting the mobility to more people at lower cost and are often associated with the urban poor. Bicyclists represents one of the road user categories with highest risk of injuries and fatalities. According to the report by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (Accidents, 2017) in India, there is a sharp increase in the number of fatal victims for bicyclists in 2017 over 2016. The number of cyclists killed jumped from 2,585 in 2016 to 3,559 in 2017, a 37.7% increase. Method: Few studies have only investigated the crash risk perceived by the bicyclists while interacting with other road users. The present paper investigates the injury severity of bicyclists in bicycle-vehicle crashes that occurred in the state of Tamilnadu, India during the nine year period (2009–2017). The analyses demonstrate that dividing bicycle-vehicle collision data into five clusters helps in reducing the systematic heterogeneity present in the data and identify the hidden relationship between the injury severity levels of bicyclists and cyclists demographics, vehicle, environmental, temporal cause for the crashes. Results: Latent Class Clustering (LCC) approach was used in the present study as a preliminary tool for the segmentation of 9,978 crashes. Later, logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors that influence bicycle crash severity for the whole dataset as well as for the clusters that were obtained from the LCC model. Results of this study show that combined use of both techniques reveals further information that wouldn’t be obtained without prior segmentation of the data. Few variables such as season, weather conditions, and light conditions were significant for certain clusters that were hidden in the whole dataset. This study can help domain experts or traffic safety researchers to segment traffic crashes and develop targeted countermeasures to mitigate injury severity.     

Heteroduplex formation: A potential source of genotyping error from PCR products

The formation of heteroduplexes from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products has recently become a diagnostic tool that is routinely used for the prenatal detection of small deletions or insertions in a number of disease-causing alleles. We present evidence illustrating that heterozygous PCR products can manifest ‘invisible’ heteroduplexes that can ultimately lead to genotyping errors. Justifications for these ‘invisible’ heteroduplexes and requisite parameters to optimize their detection are presented.     

微通道中电场作用下的液滴生成过程研究

利用数值模拟方法对电场作用下的十字型微通道中的液滴生成过程开展了研究,通过CLSVOF耦合模型和电磁流体模型考察了液滴生成不同阶段的形态演变及速度、压强分布规律,分析了液滴断裂的生长、挤压和断裂机制。研究结果有助于加深对微通道中多相流动、特别是电场的影响效果的理解,为微反应器设计与控制提供理论指导与数据支撑。     

Effects of copper chloride on formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in model waste incineration

Combustion experiments in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor were conducted to elucidate the effects of copper chloride as a catalyst on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) formation in municipal waste incineration. We used model wastes with and without copper chloride (CuCl₂ · 2H₂O), both of which contained polyvinyl chloride as a chlorine source. Combustion temperature was set to 900 °C, and the amount of air supplied was twice the stoichiometric ratio. The experimental setup was carefully planned to suppress the influences of experimental conditions except the waste composition. Results of these experiments showed that copper chloride in the waste increased the amount of PCDDs formed and made the homologue profile to shift towards the highly chlorinated species. Copper chloride contributes to the PCDDs formation by promoting chlorination, whereby the reaction is important in that organic matter is chlorinated directly by copper compounds. Copper chloride did not exert a great influence on the isomer distribution patterns of PCDDs, while there appeared a significant difference in the case of PCDFs. This points out the difference of the major formation mechanisms between PCDDs and PCDFs. PCDDs are less formed by the catalytic reactions from carbon/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than PCDFs in our experimental conditions.     

日照市夏季VOCs物种空间分布特征及其对臭氧生成的影响

2020年8月22～ 29日期间利用便携式声表面波气相色谱仪(GC-SAW)对日照市区的主要企业源、居民源和道路开展了在线采样分析,获得了大气中多种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的空间分布特征,并对主要组分的化学反应活性进行研究.结果 表明,日照市碳原子大于5的VOCs(VOCC＞5)主要以甲苯、正丙苯和正辛烷为主,且空间分...     

树状多节孢原生质体的制备和再生

研究了酶系组成、酶解时间、酶解温度、渗透压稳定剂、PH值,培养基成分、培养方式,预处理、保护剂等因素对紫杉醇产生菌树状多孔孢原生质体制备和再生的影响。结果表明：将树状多节孢在PDA液体培养其中静止培养2－3d,离心收集菌体,用PH5．5－6．0的0．7mol/L的NaCl配制成的含有3％纤维素酶、2％蜗牛酶和1％溶菌酶的复合酶,30℃恒温酶解9h,原生质体制备率最高。但是考虑到原生质体的再生,参酶解7h左右为宜,获得的原生质体经过纯化,用0.7mol/LNaCl配制的PDA再生培养基进行双层平板培养法再生,原生质体的再生率最高。本研究为以后通过原生质体诱变、转化、融合构建紫杉醇工程菌株奠定了基础,图3表9参16     

两种四环素类抗生素厌氧生物毒性试验研究

在35℃中温厌氧条件下,采用间歇试验法,通过测定甲烷累积产量,研究脱水土霉素和强力霉素两种四环素类物质的厌氧生物降解性,利用相对活性来判断两类物质对产甲烷菌的抑制程度。试验结果表明：脱水土霉素浓度低于200mg／L时产生轻度抑制,高于200mg/L产生中度抑制;强力霉素低于200mg／L时产生中度抑制,高于200mg／L时对产甲烷菌产生重度抑制,厌氧污泥活性很难恢复。     

新型含氮消毒副产物的生成机制及毒性研究进展

含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)具有很高的生物毒性和致癌性,近年来受到广泛关注。本文对目前N-DBPs的研究进展进行了概述,重点总结了典型N-DBPs包括卤乙腈(HANs)、卤代硝基甲烷(HNMs)、卤代乙酰胺(HAcAms)和亚硝胺(NAs)的生成机制;并归纳了N-DBPs的毒性效应和毒性机制。根据N-DBPs的生成途径,应该重点控制水中含胺类氮源前体物,并优化设计消毒剂种类和投加方式,在控制病原体的前提下,尽量削减高毒性N-DBPs的生成。本研究旨在为控制消毒副产物生成、提高饮用水水质提供理论参考。     

超细水泥浆液在微裂隙岩体中的注浆试验研究

矿井井筒开拓安全通过巨厚洛河组砂岩含水层是一个普遍的难题,普通水泥注浆法无法形成有效的止水帷幕。为了给地面预注浆或帷幕注浆法过洛河组砂岩含水层提供依据,通过改变注浆材料,开展了超细水泥浆液在洛河组砂岩中的注浆试验研究。通过试验研究,较好地掌握了超细水泥对洛河组砂岩注浆性能,获得了相关的注浆经验。结果表明,超细水泥浆液无法对洛河组砂岩实现可注,并从微观结构上分析了不可注的原因。研究成果对类似地层的注浆改造和井巷工程的安全施工具有一定的借鉴与指导意义,避免了注浆经验导致工程实践的失败与资源浪费。     

二氧化氯杀藻无机副产物亚氯酸盐生成规律研究

研究了不同二氧化氯投加量、接触时间、pH值下二氧化氯杀藻中亚氯酸盐的生成规律及其他水质条件(藻初始质量浓度、有机物和氨氮)对亚氯酸盐生成的影响。结果表明,亚氯酸盐生成量随着二氧化氯投加量的增大和时间的延长而增大。放置2 h,生成的亚氯酸盐占二氧化氯初始投加量的10%~30%。二氧化氯杀藻的水样放置时间越长,开始生成亚氯酸盐的pH值就越低。放置30 min时生成亚氯酸盐的起始pH值为6,放置70 min时起始pH值为3.9。在酸性条件下,亚氯酸盐的生成量随pH值增大而增大;而从中性到碱性,亚氯酸盐增加缓慢。藻初始叶绿素a的质量浓度超过14.93μg/L时,亚氯酸盐的生成量随藻初始质量浓度的增大而增大。有机物促进了亚氯酸盐的生成,但亚氯酸盐的生成量并没有随有机物质量浓度的增加而增加。增大氨氮质量浓度,亚氯酸盐的生成量有降低的趋势。