Nanosized magnetite in low cost materials for remediation of water polluted with toxic metals,azo- and antraquinonic dyes

Nanosized magnetite has emerged as an adsorbent of pollutants in water remediation. Nanoadsorbents include magnetic iron oxide and its modifiers/stabilizers, such as carbon, silica, clay, organic moieties (polymers, aminoacids, and fatty acids) and other inorganic oxides. This review is focused on the recent developments on the synthesis and use of magnetic nanoparticles and nanocomposites in the treatment of contaminated water. The emphasis is on the influence of the iron oxide modifiers on some properties of interest such as size, BET area, and magnetization. The characteristics of these nanomaterials are related to their ability to eliminate heavy metal ions and dyes from wastewater. Comparative analysis of the actual literature was performed aiming to present the magnetic material, its preparation methodology and performance in the elimination of the selected pollutants. Vast information has been properly summarized according to the materials, their properties and preferential affinity for selected contaminants. The mechanisms governing nanomaterial’s formation as well as the interactions with heavy metals and dyes have been carefully analyzed and associated to their efficiency.     

铁路隧道衬砌裂缝整治及衬砌补强加固设计研究

通过对某铁路隧道衬砌裂缝的现场调查和研究,把衬砌质量缺陷按照裂缝宽度和长度的不同分为AA、A1、B和C四个等级,并采取不同的加固措施。重点对W钢带补强和骑缝锚杆注浆两种整治措施进行了研究,采用ABAQUS软件对整治前后衬砌的进行数值计算,得到整治前后衬砌的内力,最后计算得出整治前后衬砌的安全系数。结果表明:缺陷整治后衬砌缺陷范围内衬砌的刚度提高,并有效地提高了衬砌的安全系数,达到了整治的预期效果。该研究为隧道衬砌裂缝病害的分类提供了借鉴,同时也为隧道衬砌裂缝病害的整治与加固提供了新的方法和思路。     

阴/非离子表面活性剂强化微米Cu/Fe对水及土壤泥浆中有机氯农药的降解

选择氯丹、硫丹和灭蚁灵为目标污染物,以实际污染场地土壤为对象,研究了表面活性剂强化微米Cu/Fe双金属对水和土壤泥浆中有机氯农药的降解效果。结果表明,非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)强化效果优于阴离子的十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)。TX-100强化微米Cu/Fe体系能实现水中有机氯农药的快速高效降解,最佳TX-100浓度为0.1 mmol·L-1。处理12 h后,γ-氯丹、硫丹和α-氯丹的降解率接近100%,灭蚁灵的降解率达到85.2%。对于土壤泥浆体系,偏酸性p H值对微米Cu/Fe的还原活性有重要作用。加入TX-100显著促进了微米Cu/Fe双金属对土壤中有机氯农药的还原降解(P0.05)。Cu负载量的提高增强了污染物的降解去除效果。当m(土)∶V(水)为1∶5、土中Fe投加量w为10%、Cu负载量为5.0%、TX-100浓度为5.0 mmol·L-1、p H值为4~5时,处理72 h后,γ-氯丹、硫丹、α-氯丹和灭蚁灵的降解率分别为83.5%、68.1%、86.8%和70.1%。TX-100强化微米Cu/Fe双金属还原降解是一种有效的有机氯农药污染土壤修复技术。     

Some aspects of heavy metals contamination remediation and role of biosurfactants

Contamination by heavy metals is the result of different industrial activities. The presence of heavy metals in soil and water causes serious problems, as these materials are not biodegradable and do contaminate both biological systems and the subsoil. Biological surface-active compounds otherwise known as biosurfactants in general and rhamnolipids biosurfactants in particular have been successfully employed in the remediation of environments contaminated with heavy metal ions. The aim of the present review is to highlight potential applications of these tensioactive compounds for use in environmental heavy metals removal and bioremediation and processes involved.     

Effects of sepiolite and biochar on microbial diversity in acid red soil from southern China

Sepiolite and biochar can immobilize heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil effectively, but their impact on the soil microbial community and diversity is still unclear. High-throughput Illumina MiSeq method was used to study the effects of sepiolite and biochar on the diversity of microbial communities in acid red soil amended with cadmium and atrazine. A total of 47,472 microbiological Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were found in all the treated soil samples. Sepiolite and biochar enriched the diversity of soil microbes at different classification levels and OTUs, but the effect of biochar was stronger than that of sepiolite. A Venn diagram showed that compared with other treatments, adding 2% biochar could promote the growth of specific microbes, which is better than the case for 5% biochar. The heat map of species abundance cluster showed that the dominant microbes in soil were different for different treatment doses of sepiolite and biochar. Among all the soil treatments, the top ten dominant bacterial phyla (from high to low dominance) were: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria­, and Verrucomicrobia. The addition of sepiolite and biochar promoted the restoration of the microbial community diversity in contaminated soil.     

链霉菌的抗砷特性及其对蜈蚣草富集砷的作用

本文研究了链霉菌Streptomyces sp.的耐砷特性及其对蜈蚣草富集砷的影响。结果表明,Streptomyces sp.可在100mmo·lL-1的砷酸盐溶液中生长,具有较强的抗砷毒害能力,且在48h内对As(Ⅴ)的还原率达96.5%。施用Streptomyces sp.能促进植物对砷的吸收,蜈蚣草地上部砷浓度为930mg·kg-1,地上部砷累积量达到对照组的2.09倍。加入Streptomyces sp.后,能促进根际土壤中As(Ⅴ)还原成As(Ⅲ),大幅度降低根际土壤残渣态砷含量,从48.15mg·kg-1下降至28.75mg·kg-1。Streptomyces sp.通过影响蜈蚣草根际环境,提高根际土壤pH,增加DOC含量,促使砷形态变化,从而增加砷生物可利用性。该菌可作为强化蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的材料。     

不同磷初始浓度对紫萍生长及磷吸收效率的影响

采用室内模拟培养试验方法,研究不同磷初始浓度对紫萍生长及磷吸收效率的影响。结果表明,水体初始ρ（磷）为3.0 mg.L-1时,紫萍相对生长率最高,生长繁殖速度最快。当初始ρ（磷）为0.3～3.0 mg.L-1时,紫萍对水体中磷的去除率在70%以上。紫萍累积吸磷量和磷吸收能力均随磷初始浓度的升高而增加,但当初始ρ（磷）为45.0 mg.L-1时,紫萍累积吸磷量和单位鲜质量紫萍吸磷量均明显下降。当初始ρ（磷）≤1.5 mg.L-1时,紫萍体内酸性磷酸酶活性升高,但随着低磷胁迫时间的延长,低磷条件和高磷条件间酸性磷酸酶活性差异减小。     

Catalytic reduction for water treatment

Treating water contaminants via heterogeneously catalyzed reduction reaction is a subject of growing interest due to its good activity and superior selectivity compared to conventional technology, yielding products that are non-toxic or substantially less toxic. This article reviews the application of catalytic reduction as a progressive approach to treat different types of contaminants in water, which covers hydrodehalogenation for wastewater treatment and hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite for groundwater remediation. For hydrodehalogenation, an overview of the existing treatment technologies is provided with an assessment of the advantages of catalytic reduction over the conventional methodologies. Catalyst design for feasible catalytic reactions is considered with a critical analysis of the pertinent literature. For hydrogenation, hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite contaminants in water is mainly focused. Several important nitrate reduction catalysts are discussed relating to their preparation method and catalytic performance. In addition, novel approach of catalytic reduction using in situ synthesized H₂ evolved from water splitting reaction is illustrated. Finally, the challenges and perspective for the extensive application of catalytic reduction technology in water treatment are discussed. This review provides key information to our community to apply catalytic reduction approach for water treatment.

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TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性影响的实验研究

为有效评估地下水中溶解组分对制备纳米乳化油的潜在影响,通过人工模拟配制天然地下水开展地下水TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性影响的批实验研究.分别采用动态光散和多重光散技术表征TDS影响下纳米乳化油粒径、背散射光通量、光子自由程以及峰厚度等指标的动态变化,以此来反映TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性的影响.结果显示:在TDS浓度为300、500和1000 mg·L^-1 的情况下,TDS对纳米乳化油稳定性起到正向作用.反映纳米乳化油整体稳定性的TSI随TDS增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,相较于空白样稳定性分别提高了68.1%、55.6%和14.3%,其中300 mg·L^-1 的样品稳定性最好.依据局部TSI、背散射光强度、峰厚度和光子自由程的变化进行局部稳定性分析,识别出纳米乳化油的不稳定性主要受顶部不稳区和底部不稳区的影响.纳米乳化油顶部不稳区的不稳定性主要影响因素为液滴上浮、聚并,具体表现为体积分数增大,液滴粒径增大;而底部不稳区受上浮影响引起的纳米乳化油体积分数减小是其不稳的主要原因.进一步分析表明,TDS降低了纳米乳化油的布朗运动速率.相比于空白样,实验设计的TDS(300、500和1000 mg·L^-1)对纳米乳化油的上浮现象和液滴的聚并现象起抑制作用,并随浓度增大逐渐减弱. 300 mg·L^-1的样品对两种不稳定因素分别减轻了88%和87.7%.因此,适宜的地下水TDS可以减弱布朗运动,降低上浮现象和聚并现象,从而对纳米乳化油的稳定性起正向作用,有利于纳米乳化油在多孔介质中的迁移.     

国际标准产业分类体系的供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的分类演化及启示

国际标准产业分类体系是目前国际上最有影响、最有权威的产业分类体系。深入了解国际标准产业分类体系中供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动分类演化,对正确收集、处理和测算供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的指标以及国际间数据比较至关重要。论文首先详细地剖析了国际标准产业分类体系的供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的分类演化,然后依据国际标准产业分类体系的最新变化,结合我国供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动现状,为我国国民经济行业分类中供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的修改和调整提供改进建议。