脱硫石膏对酸化森林土壤短期修复效果的研究

以电厂脱硫石膏为修复剂,选取重庆铁山坪地区典型的酸化森林土壤为修复对象,进行了为期1 a的修复效果研究.对不同土层土壤溶液pH值、主要阴阳离子和重金属浓度的动态变化展开观测,并对土壤和脱硫石膏的重金属含量进行分析,以评价脱硫石膏的修复效果及存在的风险.结果表明,与对照样地相比,修复样地各层土壤溶液Ca2＋和SO24-的浓度随时间依次升高,pH值也略有上升,且年均n（Ca）/n（Al）摩尔比从2.16、1.35和0.88升高到2.58、1.52和1.12.土壤溶液中As、Cu、Cr、Ni和Zn的浓度并未检测到明显上升,只是Cr、Ni和Zn在土壤上层出现了轻微富集.脱硫石膏的处理对酸化土壤起到了改良作用,且未造成土壤溶液重金属浓度明显的升高,但重金属在土壤层的积累会造成潜在的风险,需要进一步开展研究.     

生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展

在厌氧或者绝氧的条件下对生物质进行热解,可产生含碳丰富的固体物质,称为生物质炭。由于生物质炭在农业和环境中的巨大应用前景和对土壤碳的增汇减排作用,近期成为土壤学和环境科学的研究热点。综述了生物质炭的一些基本性质及其对土壤环境功能的影响,分析了该领域未来的发展趋势。国内外的研究表明：生物质炭含有大量植物所需的营养元素,可以促进土壤养分的循环和植物的生长;生物质炭一般呈碱性,施用生物质炭可以降低土壤的酸度和有毒元素如铝和重金属对植物的毒性;生物质炭表面含有丰富的-COOH、-COH和-OH等含氧官能团,它们产生的表面负电荷使生物质炭具有较高的阳离子交换量（CEC）,施用后可以提高土壤的CEC;生物质炭对农药等有机污染物和重金属等有很强的吸附能力,可用于污染土壤的修复;生物质炭具有高度的孔隙结构,可以增加土壤的空隙度和保水能力,降低土壤容重,有利植物根系生长;生物质炭是一种含碳的聚合物,主要由单环和多环的芳香族化合物组成,这种结构特点决定了生物质炭具有较高的化学和生物学稳定性,较强的抵抗微生物分解的能力,增强了土壤的固碳作用,减少碳向大气的再释放。该文可为从事农业废弃物的资源化利用、固碳减排、污染土壤修复和土壤改良与管理等领域的科研人员提供参考。     

Fenton氧化法修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

传统的Fenton氧化法（Fe2＋/H2O2）因反应速度过快、需要定期补充Fe2＋、控制pH值≤3等方面的限制而影响到石油烃类污染土壤的修复效果.本文综述了近年来Fenton反应中氧化剂、催化剂的改进及其对土壤中石油污染物的去除效率,揭示了土壤性质、反应条件、污染物结构及非均相催化剂比表面积等因素对去除效率的影响,介绍了超声波前置处理后,Fenton试剂与土壤上解吸的石油污染物接触几率的增加及石油烃类可生物降解性的提高,促进了微生物的后续处理效果,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

Property-performance relationship of core-shell structured black TiO2 photocatalyst for environmental remediation

● Properties and performance relationship of CSBT photocatalyst were investigated. ● Properties of CSBT were controlled by simply manipulating glycerol content. ● Performance was linked to semiconducting and physicochemical properties. ● CSBT (W:G ratio 9:1) had better performance with lower energy consumption. ● Phenols were reduced by 48.30% at a cost of $2.4127 per unit volume of effluent. Understanding the relationship between the properties and performance of black titanium dioxide with core-shell structure (CSBT) for environmental remediation is crucial for improving its prospects in practical applications. In this study, CSBT was synthesized using a glycerol-assisted sol-gel approach. The effect of different water-to-glycerol ratios (W:G = 1:0, 9:1, 2:1, and 1:1) on the semiconducting and physicochemical properties of CSBT was investigated. The effectiveness of CSBT in removing phenolic compounds (PHCs) from real agro-industrial wastewater was studied. The CSBT synthesized with a W:G ratio of 9:1 has optimized properties for enhanced removal of PHCs. It has a distinct core-shell structure and an appropriate amount of Ti³⁺ cations (11.18%), which play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of CSBT. When exposed to visible light, the CSBT performed better: 48.30% of PHCs were removed after 180 min, compared to only 21.95% for TiO₂ without core-shell structure. The CSBT consumed only 45.5235 kWh/m³ of electrical energy per order of magnitude and cost $2.4127 per unit volume of treated agro-industrial wastewater. Under the conditions tested, the CSBT demonstrated exceptional stability and reusability. The CSBT showed promising results in the treatment of phenols-containing agro-industrial wastewater.     

氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复作用

采用浸泡实验法研究了氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复效果,结果表明,氯化铁和硫酸铁均能有效去除土壤有效态镉和铅污染,Fe(Ⅲ)用量为50～100 mmol/kg时,有效态Cd和Pb的去除效果可达70％～96％.氯化铁和硫酸铁能去除土壤中的水溶态、碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和强有机结合态Cd和Pb及交换态Cd.氯化铁和硫酸铁对Cd均既有洗脱修复作用又有固定修复作用,且洗脱修复作用的贡献稍大;氯化铁用量较小时(50 mmol/kg)对Pb既有固定修复又有洗脱修复作用,固定修复作用稍大;用量较大时(100 mmol/kg),对Pb只有洗脱修复作用.硫酸铁对Pb的修复作用则以固定修复作用为主,洗脱修复作用很小.     

Tolerance of Chrysantemum maximum to heavy metals: The potential for its use in the revegetation of tailings heaps

To find if ornamental plants are applicable to the remediation of metal-polluted areas, the tolerance of chrysanthemum plants (Chysanthemum maximum) var. Shasta to different metals under hydroponic conditions was studied. Their responses as influenced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe BEG25 on substrates containing mine residues were also investigated. Our results showed that chrysanthemum is a metal-tolerant plant under hydroponic conditions, plants behaving as Pb-excluders, whereas Cd, Cu and Ni were accumulated in roots. Low accumulation in flowers was observed for Cd and Cu but it was concentration-dependent. Ni and Pb were not translocated to flowers. Shoot biomass was not significantly affected by the different rates of mine residue addition for both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated less Pb and Cu in both shoots and roots than non-mycorrhizal plants. Chysanthemum could be a prospective plant for revegetation of tailings and the use of inoculation may decrease plant metal accumulation in polluted soils.     

多氯联苯污染土壤菌根真菌-紫花苜蓿-根瘤菌联合修复效应

选用紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）作为宿主植物,盆栽试验研究了丛枝菌根真菌（Glomus caledonium）和苜蓿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)单接种及双接种对PCBs复合污染土壤的联合修复效应.结果表明,在紫花苜蓿-菌根真菌-根瘤菌共生体系中,紫花苜蓿对土壤中PCBs的降低起到明显作用,使轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了15.8%、 23.5%,紫花苜蓿单接种菌根真菌和苜蓿根瘤菌后轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了14.8％、 24.1%和20.6%、 25.5%,双接种后土壤PCBs分别降低了23.2％、26.9%,而且也改变了紫花苜蓿根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用程度,改善了微生物群落功能多样性.可见,紫花苜蓿豆科植物-菌根真菌-根瘤菌特殊共生体对PCBs污染土壤显示了较好的修复潜力.     

牛骨粉对Cd污染土壤修复效应和土壤肥力的影响

通过一年静态培养试验,研究了牛骨粉对碱性和酸性Cd污染土壤钝化修复效应及土壤基本理化性质、肥力和酶活性的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,投加牛骨粉后碱性土壤有机质和含水率分别降低了5.4%～14.3%和0.29%～3.04%,而土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)增加了10.8%～18.9%;在酸性土壤中,添加牛骨粉后土壤pH、有机质和CEC分别较对照增加了0.70～1.42、0.4%～6.7%和1.1%～3.4%,含水率则下降了0.75%～2.58%.两种土壤有机碳红外光谱特征峰相似,图谱形状基本一致,但强度存在不同程度的差异.施用牛骨粉后土壤总氮、总磷和全钾含量均有所提高,其中,碱性土壤最大分别增加了39.8%、345.2%和3.4%,酸性土壤最大分别增加了61.0%、612.9%和5.1%.铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均随牛骨粉施加量的增加而增加.土壤中TCLP(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)提取态Cd含量随牛骨粉投加量增加而降低,与对照相比,酸性和碱性土壤分别减少了38.9%～71.9%和8.6%～18.2%.施加牛骨粉整体上促进了土壤过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和尿酶活性(仅碱性土壤脲酶活性受到抑制).在碱性土壤中,土壤有效态Cd含量与pH、有机质、含水率、有效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关(p0.01),而与阳离子交换量、全氮、全磷、过氧化氢酶表现为显著负相关(p0.01).在酸性土壤中,土壤有效态Cd含量与pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶呈显著负相关(p0.01),而与含水率呈显著正相关(p0.01).综合评价表明,采用牛骨粉原位钝化修复Cd污染土壤有效可行.     

Preparation of solar-enhanced AlZnO@carbon nano-substrates for remediation of textile wastewaters

Photoactive aluminum doped ZnO(AlZnO) was synthesized by sol-gel method.After that,AlZnO photocatalyst was deposited on five carbon-based materials(CBMs) using ultrasonic route followed by solid-state mixing using ball mill.The CBMs used were poly aniline(PANI),carbon nitride(CN),carbon nanotubes(CNT),graphene(G),and carbon nanofibers(CNF).The crystal phases,elemental compositions,morphological,and optical properties of the AlZnO@CBMs composites were investigated.Experimental results revealed that two of AlZnO@CBMs composites exhibited superior bleaching efficiency(100% removal) and photocatalytic stability(three cycles) for 50 μmol/L Methylene Blue(MB) contaminated water after 60 min irradiation in visible light at pH 6.5,0.7% H_2O_2,and 5 g/L inorganic salts.Under optimum conditions,AlZnO@CBMs nanocomposites were employed for the treatment of mixed dyestuffs composed of MB,Methyl Orange(MO),Astrazone Blue FRR(BB 69),and Rhodamine B(RhB) dyes under dark,ultraviolet,visible,and direct sunlight.For mixed dyestuffs,the AlZnO@G achieved the highest dye sorption capacity(60.91 μmol dye stuffs/g) with kinetic rate 8.22 × 10~(-3) min~(-1) in 90 min via multi-layer physisorption(Freundlich isotherm) on graphene sheet.In additions,AlZnO@CN offered the highest photo-kinetic rate(K_(photo)) of～54.1 × 10~(-3) min~(-1)(93.8% after 60 min) under direct sunlight.Furthermore,the selective radical trapping experiment confirmed that the holes and oxidative superoxide radicals are crucial on dyes photodegradation pathway.Owing to their superior performance,AlZnO@G and AlZnO@CN nanocomposites can offer an effective in-situ solar-assisted adsorption/photocatalytic remediation of textile wastewater effluents.     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soils using TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalyst

TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalysts were prepared and applied in degrading γ-hexachlorocyclohexane(γ-HCH)in soils.After being spiked with γ-HCH,soil samples loaded with the composite photocatalysts were exposed to UV-light irradiation.The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities of the composite photocatalysts varied with the content of TiO2 in the order of 10%＜70%＜50%＜30%.Moreover,the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalysts with TiO2 content 30% was higher than that of the pure P25 with the same mass of TiO2.The strong adsorption capacity of the composite photocatalysts and quantum size effect may contribute to its increased photocatalytic activities.In addition,effect of dosage of composite photocatalysts and soil pH on γ-HCH photodegradation was investigated. Pentachlorocyclohexene,trichlorocyclohexene,and dichlorobenzene were detected as photodegradation intermediates,which were gradually degraded with tlle phOtOdegradation evolution.