铜污染土壤电动修复研究

应用实验方法研究了土壤重金属污染的电动力学修复方法,分析了土壤重金属污染物的迁移和变化特征。实验结果表明,在电场作用下土壤中重金属的浓度分布发生明显变化,使得大部分重金属能在电极附近富集而被去除。当实验的电场强度为0.5 V/cm时,在阳极附近土壤中铜的去除效率达到71.1%。阳极附近的pH值由开始时的6.8逐渐变小到4.4,而阴极附近则相反,由开始时的6.6逐渐增大到9.1,此外电动修复过程中电极附近的温度会发生相应的变化。     

铜污染土壤电动修复研究

应用实验方法研究了土壤重金属污染的电动力学修复方法,分析了土壤重金属污染物的迁移和变化特征。实验结果表明,在电场作用下土壤中重金属的浓度分布发生明显变化,使得大部分重金属能在电极附近富集而被去除。当实验的电场强度为0.5 V/cm时,在阳极附近土壤中铜的去除效率达到71.1%。阳极附近的pH值由开始时的6.8逐渐变小到4.4,而阴极附近则相反,由开始时的6.6逐渐增大到9.1,此外电动修复过程中电极附近的温度会发生相应的变化。     

A comparative study for the sorption of Cd(II) by K-feldspar and sepiolite as soil components, and the recovery of Cd(II) using rhamnolipid biosurfactant

This study investigated the sorption characteristics and recovery of selected heavy metal Cd(II) from K-feldspar and sepiolite, representative soil components, using rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Although the proposed technique was classified as a soil bioremediation process, it can also be applied to treatment of waste waters containing Cd(II) ions with minor modifications. The effect of initial Cd(II) concentration on sorption capacity was characterized by determining the sorption isotherms. Of the four models examined, the Freundlich model showed the best fit for the sorption of Cd(II) on K-feldspar, whereas the Langmuir-model was used successfully to characterize the sorption of Cd(II) on sepiolite. Although a high Cd(II) uptake of 7.49 mmol/kg by K-feldspar was obtained, sepiolite was a superior Cd(II) accumulater, with a maximum Cd(II) uptake of 24.66 mmol Cd(II)/kg. The presence of Cd(II) in the sepiolite or K-feldspar prior to addition of the rhamnolipid generally resulted in less rhamnolipid sorption to sepiolite or K-feldspar. The maximum Cd(II) desorption efficiency by rhamnolipid from K-feldspar was substantially higher than that of sepiolite and determined to be 96% of the sorbed Cd(II), whereas only 10.1% of the sorbed Cd(II) from sepiolite was recovered by rhamnolipid solution.     

油田生态环境修复技术研究综述

随着油田的持续开发,油气开采总量逐年增加,导致生态环境恶化加剧。文章综述了油田开发对油田生态环境的影响,并针对油田开发对水环境、土壤环境的污染,重点介绍了国内外油田生态环境污染的修复技术。     

阴极pH控制对污染土壤电动修复效率的影响

就电动修复污染土壤过程中阴极电解产生的OH-对修复效率的影响进行了实验室研究. 实验选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,配制砂土和高岭土中初始w(Cr(Ⅵ))为100和500 mg/kg,施加恒定直流电压1 V/cm,运行48 h. 选用不同土壤和控制条件,实验共进行了10组. 分析了实验过程中电流变化以及实验完成后土壤pH分布和铬的迁移分布,并对每组实验Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率和电能消耗进行了计算. 结果表明:对阴极电解产生的pH进行控制可以明显提高Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率,同时电能耗变化不大;多种控制方式中,以盐酸的中和控制最为有效,可使去除率达到90.8%,但引起的土壤酸化问题应进一步进行研究;对电动过程中Cr(Ⅵ)的迁移转化应做深入研究.      

PERMEABILITY OF AIR AND IMMISCIBLE ORGANIC LIQUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA1

ABSTRACT: The conductivity of air, mineral oil (relative viscosity 77), and a light nontoxic oil (relative viscosity 4.7) was measured in three porous media: a sand, loamy sand, and a silt loam. The measurements were made over a range of water contents for each porous medium. Small volumes of air were present as well as significant amounts of water during most of the oil conductivity measurements. The results were compared to two methods for calculating conductivities of immiscible fluids in water-wet porous media. A new equation that accounts for swelling and for the gas slippage effect in very small pores was formulated for use with these methods The observed conductivities, spanning seven orders of magnitude, agree reasonably well with calculated values. Only three soil parameters are required to calculate the conductivities: (1) the saturated conductivity of water, (2) the saturated conductivity of the immiscible fluid of interest, and (3) a pore size index value that is obtained from an estimate from the water release curve of the porous material. Remediation of organic liquid spills is briefly discussed to illustrate the practical applications of gas phase conductivities, as well as those for immiscible organic liquid phases. It is concluded that, in light of spatial variation under field conditions, the method presented for calculating values of three-phase conductivities will be useful in the management of immiscible organic liquid spills and leaks.     

采煤沉陷对生态环境的影响及其修复措施——以邹城矿区为例

采煤沉陷区生态环境形势严峻，土地复垦势在必行。分析了采煤沉陷对邹城矿区生态环境的影响，并提出了疏干法、就地平整法、挖深垫浅法等实际的土地生态修复措施。     

Effect of the water–oil ratio on brine/surfactant/alcohol/oil systems optimized for soil remediation

The optimum middle-phase microemulsion used for remediation of oily contaminated soils is often obtained by mixing a certain amount of a surfactant/alcohol mixture with oil and adjusting the salinity concentrations at a constant water–oil ratio. Upon introduction to the subsurface, however, the system may not be in the optimum state throughout the remediation process owing to the change in the water–oil ratio. This research has attempted to investigate the effect of the water–oil ratio on the phase behavior of systems containing brine, anionic surfactant, alcohols, and different oils. By systematically changing the water–oil ratio, while keeping the others variables constant, the systems exhibited different phase behavior. The results revealed that the effect of the water–oil ratio on system behavior was significant, and analogous to that of salinity. Increasing the water–oil ratio led the system change from winsor I → winsor III → winsor II. The greater the water–oil ratio the lower the salinity required to produce the middle-phase microemulsion, but the narrower the salinity range of the three-phase region. An empirical correlation has been developed in order to predict the changes in phase behavior with the changes in water–oil ratio. This provides a useful tool for designing optimum formulations suitable for soil remediation. Received: October 5, 1999 / Accepted: March 27, 2000     

土壤无机离子在非均匀电场作用下的迁移

研究了非均匀电场对不饱和沙壤土中的NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的迁移特征,揭示利用非均匀电场向土壤中注入营养物和电子受体的特性.结果表明,非均匀电场能有效地增强土壤中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的移动性,在1.0V/cm电压梯度下不饱和沙壤土中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的电迁移速率分别高达22.0,16.5cm/d;在非均匀电场中无机离子主要通过场强较大的区域迁移;切换电场极性可以方便地控制土壤中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的运移,同时能促使NO3-转化为NO₂^-.利用非均匀电场的迁移和富集效应,可以有效地向土壤中注入无机离子或者将污染离子从土壤中分离出来.     

射水造墙技术在平原型垃圾填埋场防渗补救中的应用

通过北京市阿苏卫填埋场防渗补救工程实例,探讨了射水造墙技术在平原型垃圾场防渗补救中的设计、施工及注意问题.结果表明,采用射水造墙技术补救阿苏卫填埋场的防渗系统是经济、安全、可行的.