罗尔斯顿菌(Ralstonia sp.)T6对三氯吡啶醇污染土壤的修复及能完全矿化毒死蜱工程菌株的构建

以毒死蜱降解中间代谢产物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)高效降解菌罗尔斯顿菌(Ralstonia sp.)T6为材料,研究其在土壤中对TCP的降解特性。结果表明,温度、接菌量和初始底物浓度对TCP的降解都有影响,T6菌株降解TCP的最适温度为30℃,当土壤含菌量〔以菌落形成单位(CFU)计〕小于10×108kg-1时,降解率随着含菌量的增加而提高,当含菌量超过10×108kg-1时,降解率不再提高。降解率随着TCP初始浓度的增加而降低,当TCP初始浓度为50~100 mg·kg-1时,6 d内可将50 mg·kg-1TCP降解80%。利用基因工程手段,将来源于寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp.)DSP-1的甲基对硫磷水解酶基因(mpd)插入菌株T6基因组16S rRNA基因中,成功构建一株可彻底矿化毒死蜱的重组工程菌株T6-mpd。生长试验结果表明罗尔斯顿菌T6-mpd和T6的生长特性基本一致。对T6-mpd菌株降解毒死蜱的特性研究结果表明,在LB培养基中,T6-mpd对毒死蜱的水解效率与DSP-1基本一致,但在基础盐(MSM)培养基中,T6-mpd在60 h内对50 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率仅为36%,显著低于DSP-1。模拟土壤原位修复试验结果表明,在含菌量为108kg-1条件下,T6-mpd在2 d内可将50mg·kg-1毒死蜱降解64%。认为T6-mpd菌株在毒死蜱残留污染环境修复中具有潜在的应用前景。     

非离子表面活性剂对土壤中甲基对硫磷的增溶、洗脱及其在土壤中的吸附

探讨了3种非离子表面活性剂Brij30、Brij35和Tween80溶液对水溶液中甲基对硫磷的增溶作用,对土壤中甲基对硫磷的洗脱作用以及土壤对3种非离子表面活性剂的吸附作用.增溶实验结果表明,3种非离子表面活性剂在水溶液中均对甲基对硫磷有较好的增溶作用,而且无论在临界胶束浓度前或后,表面活性剂对甲基对硫磷的增溶顺序均为:Tween80,Brij30和Brij35.淋洗实验结果表明,3种非离子表面活性剂对土壤中甲基对硫磷的去除效果不如蒸馏水好,而且实验土壤对3种非离子表面活性剂均有较强的吸附作用.这种吸附作用对土壤中甲基对硫磷的去除有严重不利影响.     

Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review

Hollow nanomaterials have attracted significant attention because of their high chemical and thermal stability, high specific surface area, high porosity, low density, and good biocompatibility. These state-of-the-art nanomaterials have been shown to efficiently adsorb heavy metals, and volatile hazardous substances, photodegrade persistent organic pollutants, and other compounds, and inactivate bacteria. Such properties have enabled the use of these materials for environmental remediation, such as in water/wastewater treatment, soil remediation, air purification, and substance monitoring, etc. Hollow nanomaterials showed higher photocatalytic activity than those without hollow structure owing to their high active surface area, reduced diffusion resistance, and improved accessibility. And, the Doping method could improve the photocatalytic performance of hollow nanomaterials further under visible light. Moreover, the synthetic mechanisms and methods of these materials are important because their size and morphology help to determine their precise properties. This article reviews the environmental applications and potential risks of these materials, in addition to their syntheses. Finally, an outlook into the development of these materials is provided.     

蔗糖改性纳米铁原位反应带对硝基苯污染的模拟修复研究

在一维模拟装置中创建改性纳米铁原位反应带,研究反应带对硝基苯污染的修复情况,并通过反应带渗透性变化对其可持续修复能力进行评估.模拟试验结果表明:不同条件下硝基苯的去除率为45%~80%;反应带渗透性变化过程按时间分为3个阶段,分别是0~10d的快速下降期、10~30d的缓慢下降期和30~60d的稳定期,平均下降了53.2%,堵塞现象未发生,反应带可持续修复能力较好.较大的介质粒径和浆液浓度使污染物降解效率增加,硝基苯去除率可分别提高23.7%和13.7%;较高的地下水流速和污染物浓度不利于污染物的去除,硝基苯去除率均下降约46.8%.各反应带中实际参与反应的铁与硝基苯的物质的量比值分别为11.2、17.9、12.6、3.3和25.7,改性纳米铁颗粒的实际利用率较低,实际应用中浆液需要过量注入.     

铬污染场地修复技术研究及应用

综述了国内外铬污染场地修复技术的研究动态,探讨了铬污染修复技术研发的需求,重点讨论了铬污染土壤的主要修复技术如:土壤清洗技术、化学解毒技术、电动修复技术和稳定化技术等。并针对这些技术存在的不足,开发了化学解毒与稳定化联合技术,对山西某铬渣堆存场地中受污染土壤进行修复。结果表明:运用化学解毒与稳定化联合技术可以降低污染土壤中总铬和六价铬的浸出浓度,稳定效果好且能在工程实际中高效应用。     

Effects of eggshell addition on calcium-deficient acid soils contaminated with heavy metals

The eggshell was used to remediate the contaminated soil by heavy metals. The eggshell addition decreased the available state of the heavy metals. The available calcium in the soil increased due to eggshell addition. The efficiency was investigated in different moisture conditions. In this study, effects of water conditions (flooded, wet, or dry) and eggshell dosages (0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 g/kg soil, respectively) on pH variation, content of unavailable state of heavy metals, form of heavy metals, and available nutritious element calcium (Ca) in acid soils contaminated with heavy metals were investigated, respectively. The soil samples were continuously cultivated indoors and analyzed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that the addition of eggshell could effectively improve the pH of acid soil and increase it to neutral level. Moreover, the contents of unavailable state of heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Cd increased significantly. Furthermore, when the soil was cultivated under the flooded condition with 1.0 g/kg eggshell, the unavailable state of Cu, Zn, and Cd increased the most, and these heavy metals were transformed into residual state. On the other hand, the amount of available state of Ca increased to 432.19 from 73.34 mg/kg with the addition of 1.0 g/kg eggshell, which indicated that the addition of eggshell dramatically improved the available state of Ca. Therefore, eggshell could ameliorate the soil environment as it led to the decrease of available heavy metals and improvement of fertilization effectively. In a word, this study indicates that the addition of eggshell would be a new potential method for remediation of acid field soils contaminated with heavy metals.     

石油污染土壤热解修复反应规律与机制研究

在石油的开采、运输等过程中,由于原油泄漏而产生的石油污染土壤会严重威胁生态环境和人类健康.相比细菌降解修复和化学氧化修复,中低温热解修复是一种高效、经济的修复方法.然而,国内对石油污染土壤的热解修复规律和影响因素研究却较少.本文先以模型污染土壤为研究对象,考察了初始含油率（5%、10%）、热解温度（375、400、425、450 ℃）、热解时间（30、60 min）对污染土壤中石油烃脱除率的影响,采用FTIR、元素分析、原油四组分分析、荧光显微镜观测等方法确定了热解过程中石油的饱和分、芳香分、胶质及沥青质的转化方式,提出了石油污染土壤在形成和热解过程中石油的四组分吸附、脱除途径模型,并通过XPS、TEM等表征手段确定了最佳修复条件.结果表明,在425 ℃下热解30 min后,污染土壤中石油烃去除率在99.40%以上,残存TPH含量低于GB I类用地风险筛选值,且修复后土壤中的残炭非常稳定、无害,不会对环境造成二次污染.此外,还选取了新疆油田、长庆油田的场地石油污染土壤在最佳修复条件下进行处理,发现石油烃脱除率均在99.60%以上,土壤总有机碳含量的结果也表明处理后的土壤肥力恢复到了污染前的水平.本研究结果将为我国高浓度石油污染土壤的热解修复技术提供科学依据.     

Remediation of contaminated lands: a decision methodology for site owners

Deciding how to remediate and redevelop contaminated lands should involve more than just selecting remediation techniques to clean a site to meet regulations for a predetermined site use. Owners and their consultants also need to understand aspects such as alternative site uses and liability, and how issues such as uncertainty can affect them. A methodology has been developed that provides a framework for current site owners when making decisions. It clarifies the above issues and details the type of information that is needed. It offers a step-by-step approach to improve decision making when contemplating remediation of contaminated sites by identifying the site use and remedial action combination that maximizes the current owner's net benefits. It examines various factors in decision making--with special emphasis on the timely issues of liability and uncertainty--and how expert opinion can be used to address diverse or incomplete data. Future research should include developing a complementary methodology that incorporates community and ecological objectives, resulting in a unified decision framework.     

Toxicity Evaluation with the Microtox Test to Assess the Impact of In Situ Oiled Shoreline Treatment Options: Natural Attenuation and Sediment Relocation

Changes in the toxicity levels of beach sediment, nearshore water, and bottom sediment samples were monitored with the Microtox^® Test to evaluate the two in situ oil spill treatment options of natural attenuation (natural recovery--no treatment) and sediment relocation (surf washing). During a series of field trials, IF-30 fuel oil was intentionally sprayed onto the surface of three mixed sediment (pebble and sand) beaches on the island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway (78°56^′ N, 16°45^′ E). At a low wave-energy site (Site 1 with a 3-km wind fetch), where oil was stranded within the zone of normal wave action, residual oil concentrations and beach sediment toxicity levels were significantly reduced by both options in less than five days. At Site 3, a higher wave-energy site with a 40-km wind fetch, oil was intentionally stranded on the beach face in the upper intertidal/supratidal zones, above the level of normal wave activity. At this site under these experimental conditions, sediment relocation was effective in accelerating the removal of the oil from the sediments and reducing the Microtox^® Test toxicity response to background levels. In the untreated (natural attenuation) plot at this site, the fraction of residual oil remaining within the beach sediments after one year (70%) continued to generate a toxic response. Chemical and toxicological analyses of nearshore sediment and sediment-trap samples at both sites confirmed that oil and suspended mineral fines were effectively dispersed into the surrounding environment by the in situ treatments. In terms of secondary potential detrimental effects from the release of stranded oil from the beaches, the toxicity level (Microtox^® Test) of adjacent nearshore sediment samples did not exceed the Canadian regulatory limit for dredged spoils destined for ocean disposal.     

A Technicoeconomic Approach for the Selection of a Site Remediation Strategy—Part A: Theory

A technicoeconomic model is developed to select an optimal strategy for the remediation of a contaminated site and to determine the value of this remediation strategy. The model is an extension of actual cost–benefit analysis, with consideration of “irreversible” remediation technology choices, technology effectiveness, and uncertainty on the site's level of contamination. The model considers the possibility of reducing uncertainty by both acquiring more and better information on the level of contamination and by offering the decision-maker the opportunity to reevaluate his decision and switch to a more appropriate technology. It is believed that this model will help decision-makers in the selection of a remediation strategy by presenting all potentially feasible strategies, and how uncertainty on the site's level of contamination affects these strategies.