Treatment and remediation of a wastewater lagoon using microelectrolysis and modified DAT/IAT methods

To examine treatment and remediation of a wastewater lagoon with poor biodegradability, a typical wastewater lagoon in Tianjin, China, was treated and remedied using microelectrolysis and modified demand aeration tank (DAT)/intermittent aeration tank (IAT) methods. After pretreatment by microelectrolysis, the removal e ciency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was up to 64.6% and the ratio of BOC/COD in the e uent increased from 0.013 to 0.609. The removal rates of CODCr and NH+4 -N were a ected by sludge backflow rate, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the modified DAT/IAT reactor. The highest removal rates of CODCr and NH+4 -N were up to 78.9% and 62.6%, respectively, when the sludge backflow rate was 38.0 mL/min, the total HRT was 8.0 hr and MLSS was 4088.0 mg/L. In this case, some protozoa and metazoa were observed in activated sludge and biofilm carriers. Most of chrominance was removed by microelectrolysis treatment, while the modified DAT/IAT methods were more e ective for CODCr and NH+4 -N removal.     

有机酸对土壤中Pb和Cd淋洗动力学特征及去除机理

采集辽宁葫芦岛锌厂周边农田耕作层(0 ～ 20 cm)土样,以酒石酸、柠檬酸和草酸为淋洗剂,研究其对土壤中Pb和Cd的淋洗动力学及去除机理.结果表明,对Pb和Cd的解吸量从大到小的有机酸均为酒石酸、柠檬酸、草酸,而动力学过程均可以用Elovich方程描述(R2=0.9698～0.9968),表明该淋洗解吸过程为非均相扩散过程.试验条件下(pH值为2、3、4、5和6),pH值降低,3种有机酸对Pb和Cd的淋洗量均增加,表明有机酸分子中的质子活化了土壤中的重金属,促使其解吸.温度升高(25～ 45℃),3种有机酸对Pb和Cd的淋洗量也增加,表明温度升高加速了重金属离子的扩散,促使其解吸.3种有机酸对Pb和Cd 4种形态的淋洗去除效果不同,对Pb,去除率从高到低的不同形态为弱酸可溶态、可氧化态、可还原态、残渣态;对Cd为弱酸可溶态、可还原态、可氧化态、残渣态.     

污染场地修复过程挥发性有机物散逸规律及浓度分布分析

对污染场地修复过程挥发性有机物(VOCs)散逸及浓度分布进行了检测分析,通过光离子气体检测仪(PID)现场快速监测与采样管采样气相色谱质谱分析技术相结合的方式,进行了修复过程中VOCs散逸浓度检测,同时利用吹扫捕集法+色谱/质谱检测分析方法进行了VOCs污染场地内土壤中浓度检测.研究了VOCs在挖掘扰动过程中的散逸行为,并对气体中的VOCs浓度平面分布进行分析.结果表明,污染土壤中典型VOCs的散逸率整体上较高,对于该污染场地土壤特质,污染土壤扰动过程中,1,2-二氯乙烷散逸程度最高,苯散逸程度最低.VOCs浓度并不因距离增加而呈现明显负相关关系,污染物在扩散过程中会出现波峰波谷的现象.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0.Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APRwasmost effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pbmolar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

电子鼻检测污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的适用性研究

开发了一套以光离子化传感器（PID）为核心的电子鼻系统,用于污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的快速检测.用气相色谱（GC）分析评价了预处理管对苯系物等干扰物质的去除效果;用标准气体发生装置发生不同浓度的四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体,比较评价了电子鼻与GC检测结果的吻合程度及测试重现性.在此基础上,选取我国长三角地区三类典型水稻土进行模拟污染土壤的通风净化实验,评价了电子鼻系统用于实时监测挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤修复进程的可行性.结果表明：①采用RAE-SEP卤代烃分离管进行预处理,甲苯、乙苯等苯系干扰物的去除率可达80%～97%,而四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯等挥发性氯代烃的选择性透过率高于90%;②电子鼻对不同浓度四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体的定量检测结果与GC结果相近,线性拟合斜率为1.012,相关系数R2〉0.99;③电子鼻对三类典型土壤通气脱附过程中污染物浓度的变化趋势的实时监测结果与GC检测结果基本一致,判定系数R2〉0.99（n=47）.因此,该电子鼻系统有望用于挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤的快速检测,提高污染场地的风险评估和修复效率.     

海泡石对镉污染红壤的钝化修复效应研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了海泡石对土壤pH值,镉(Cd)有效态含量以及对菠菜的生物量与品质安全性的影响.结果表明,在1.25、2.5和5mg.kg-1Cd污染土壤中,投加海泡石显著地提高土壤pH值(p<0.05).土壤有效态Cd含量则随海泡石投加量的增加而降低,与未投加海泡石处理相比,分别减少了11.0%～44.4%、7.3%～23.0%和4.1%～17.0%.施加海泡石缓解了Cd对菠菜的胁迫效应,植物地上部生物量有所增加,然而海泡石处理显著抑制了菠菜对Cd的吸收,其地上部Cd含量(干重)分别比对照处理下降了78.6%～300.4%、44.6%～169.0%和18.1%～89.3%.在Cd含量为1.25mg.kg-1的土壤中,当海泡石投加量≥1%时,菠菜可食部Cd含量(鲜重)低于0.2mg.kg-1(FW)(国家食品中污染物限量标准Cd含量阈值,GB2762—2005);而在2.5和5mg.kg-1Cd污染土壤中,当海泡石投加量达到5%时,菠菜可食部Cd含量才满足污染物预防品种的Cd含量标准,可以安全食用.     

可渗透反应复合电极法对铬(Ⅵ)污染土壤的电动修复

将Fe0、沸石等活性材料附着在电极上构成可渗透反应复合电极,以Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤为处理对象,对电动修复过程中可渗透反应复合电极法对土壤pH的控制、Cr的去除效果以及形态变化进行了研究.结果表明,添加可渗透反应材料的复合电极法比单一电极法无论在土壤pH控制还是Cr的去除方面都有明显的改善和提高,其中以在阳极同时添加Fe0和沸石效果最为显著.在施加2 V.cm-1的直流电压,运行5 d后,相比在阳极单纯添加沸石或Fe0可渗透反应层,添加"Fe0+沸石"反应层能在最大程度上减小阳极土壤pH值的波动,可将土壤pH值控制在5.5～8.5范围内,土壤中任意位置Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率可提高到97%以上,土壤中残留的Cr(Ⅲ)更少,可渗透反应层对Cr的截留量可分别提高8倍和1.8倍,并将98%的Cr(Ⅵ)转化为低毒的Cr(Ⅲ).研究结果为开发具有实用意义的可渗透反应复合电极修复技术提供了理论依据.     

根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿修复钼污染土壤的强化作用研究

采用温室盆栽试验方法,通过设置4个处理组(M:紫花苜蓿; R_1:根瘤菌(土壤质量的4%); MR_1:根瘤菌R_1+紫花苜蓿; MR_2:根瘤菌R_2(土壤质量的10%)+紫花苜蓿)和一个土壤对照组(CK)对比研究了根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿富集土壤中钼(Mo)的强化作用.结果表明, Mo污染下(500 mg·kg~(-1))根瘤菌促进了紫花苜蓿的生长及其钼富集能力,土壤钼转运系数(TA)和富集因子(BCF)与对照组相比分别提高了30.54%～38.94%及17.45%～19.16%.与对照组相比,各处理组均降低了土壤中钼的含量(0.23%～2.35%),其中根瘤菌紫花苜蓿组合系统修复后的土壤中.钼剩余含量较对照组降低了1.89%～2.35%.根瘤菌一方面促进了重金属钼由水溶态向中间过渡态的转变(0.07%～0.43%),有利于紫花苜蓿对钼的生物富集,同时增大了土壤残渣态钼的比例(0.06%～1.60%),降低了钼对紫花苜蓿的生物毒性.各处理组均提高了钼胁迫下土壤微生物的数量,增强了土壤酶活性.根瘤菌与紫花苜蓿组合修复系统不仅能有效降低土壤重金属钼含量,而且还可以促进土壤微生物生态功能的多样性.因此,该修复技术在重金属钼污染土壤修复工程中具有一定的应用潜力.     

浅谈非正规垃圾填埋场的治理

以广东省某镇级非正规垃圾填埋场整治为例,介绍非正规垃圾填埋场治理技术及主要工程措施,为今后类似项目提供借鉴。     

土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状

对土壤重金属污染研究和治理方法现状进行了介绍：涉及的具体内容包括土壤重金属元素背景值。化学定时炸弹的概念,土壤环境与人类健康和物理、化学、生物治理方法。