规范农田土壤修复项目管理提升农田土壤修复内涵

实现土壤修复项目的规范管理,对于提升农田土壤修复内涵、提高土地资源利用效率具有重大影响。本文在阐述农田土壤修复内涵及必要性的同时,对土壤修复项目管理中的问题进行分析,并提出当前农田土壤修复质量提升策略。期望有利于土壤修复项目的规范管理,进而提升土地资源利用效率。     

Hydraulic characterization for steam enhanced remediation conducted in fractured rock

To explore the viability of Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER) in fractured rock a small-scale steam injection and water/vapour extraction pilot study was conducted at the former Loring Air Force Base in northern Maine, USA. A detailed well testing program was undertaken to assist in the design of the injection and extraction well array, and to assess the possibility of off-site heat and contaminant migration. A structurally complex limestone having low matrix porosity and a sparse distribution of fractures underlies the study site. To characterize the groundwater and steam flow pathways, single-well slug tests and more than 100 pulse interference tests were conducted. The results of the well testing indicate that the study site is dominated by steeply dipping bedding plane fractures that are interconnected only between some wells in the injection/extraction array. The SER system was designed to take advantage of interconnected fractures located at depth in the eastern end of the site. An array of 29 wells located in an area of 60 by 40 m was used for steam injection and water/vapour extraction. The migration of heat was monitored in several wells using thermistor arrays having a 1.5 m vertical spacing. Temperature measurements obtained during and after the 3 month steam injection period showed that heat migration generally occurred along those fracture features identified by the pulse interference testing. Based on these results, it is concluded that the pulse interference tests were valuable in assisting with the design of the injection/extraction well geometry and in predicting the migration pathways of the hot water associated with the steam injection. The pulse interference test method should also prove useful in support of any other remedial method dependant on the fracture network for delivery of remedial fluid or extraction of contaminants.     

Cadmium accumulation and tolerance of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seedlings for phytoextraction applications

Mahogany, a high biomass fast-growing tropical tree, has recently garnered considerable interest for potential use in heavy metal phytoremediation. This study performed hydroponic experiments with Cd concentration gradients at concentrations of 0, 7.5, 15, and 30 mg L(-1) to identify Cd accumulation and tolerance of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seedlings as well as their potential for phytoextraction. Experimental results indicate that Cd inhibited mahogany seedling growth at the highest Cd exposure concentration (30 mg L(-1)). Nevertheless, this woody species demonstrated great potential for phytoextraction at Cd concentrations of 7.5 and 15 mg L(-1). The roots, twigs, and leaves had extremely large bioaccumulation factors at 10.3-65.1, indicating that the plant extracted large amounts of Cd from hydroponic solutions. Mahogany seedlings accumulated up to 154 mg kg(-1) Cd in twigs at a Cd concentration of 15 mg L(-1). Although Cd concentrations in leaves were <100 mg kg(-1), these concentrations markedly exceed the normal ranges for other plants. Due to the high biomass production and Cd uptake capacity of mahogany shoots, this plant is a potential candidate for remediating Cd-contaminated sites in tropical regions.     

Improvement of soil quality after "alperujo" compost application to two contaminated soils characterised by differing heavy metal solubility

Reclamation of trace element polluted soils often requires the improvement of the soil quality by using appropriate organic amendments. Low quality compost from municipal solid waste has been tested for reclamation of soils, but these materials can provide high amounts of heavy metals. Therefore, a high-quality compost, with low levels of heavy metals, produced from the main by-product of the Spanish olive oil extraction industry ("alperujo") was evaluated for remediation of soils affected by a pyritic mine sludge. Two contaminated soils were selected from the same area: they were characterised by differing pH values (4.6 and 7.3) and total metal concentrations, which greatly affected the fractionation of the metals. Compost was applied to soil at two rates (equivalent to 48 and 72 Tm ha(-1)) and compared with an inorganic fertiliser treatment. Compost acted as an available nutrient source (C, N and P) and showed a low mineralisation rate, suggesting a slow release of nutrients and thus favouring long term soil fertility. In addition, the liming effect of the compost led to a significant reduction of toxicity for soil microorganisms in the acidic soil and immobilisation of soil heavy metals (especially Mn and Zn), resulting in a clear increase in both soil microbial biomass and nitrification. Such positive effects were clearly greater than those provoked by the mineral fertiliser even at the lowest compost application rate, which indicates that this type of compost can be very useful for bioremediation programmes (reclamation and revegetation of polluted soils) based on phytostabilisation strategies.     

连续4 a施有机肥降低紫泥田镉活性与稻米镉含量

商品有机肥由于可能含镉（Cd）,并在施入后对水稻土中Cd的有效性具有"抑制"和"激活"的双重作用,导致施有机肥的稻米降Cd效应目前仍存在较大不确定性.通过选取湘东地区典型水稻土（紫泥田土种）,连续4 a定位监测了大田施用商品有机肥对双季稻稻米的降Cd效应,探索稻米Cd含量与双季稻不同生育期土壤Cd有效性、土壤因子（pH、土壤活性有机碳组分与铁氧化物）的关系.结果表明,施有机肥降低双季稻糙米Cd含量28%~56%,且晚稻糙米Cd含量降幅（43%~56%）高于早稻糙米Cd含量的降幅（28%~45%）,降幅的年际波动小.一方面,施有机肥也导致双季稻某些生育期（分蘖盛期自齐穗期）土壤有效态Cd含量平均下降6%~7%;土壤交换态Cd含量降低11%,土壤有机结合态Cd含量提高14%,直接反映土壤Cd有效性的降低.另一方面,施有机肥也稳定提升土壤pH值0.1~0.3个单位,促进土壤环境由酸性向微酸性发展,土壤活性有机碳组分（轻组有机碳、粗颗粒有机碳和细颗粒有机碳）含量大幅提升（53%、77%和107%）,间接反映土壤Cd有效性的降低.本研究表明,紫泥田连续施有机肥后,土壤Cd有效性下降是双季稻米Cd含量降低的关键驱动因素.     

柠檬酸对污染棕壤中镉的去除优化及结合形态影响

针对农田土壤重金属污染,研究了有机酸对土壤中镉的去除条件优化及结合形态的影响,旨在发展一种环境友好、可原位且永久去除土壤中镉（Cd）的淋溶暗排联合净化方法.采用环境友好型淋溶剂柠檬酸,通过批试验确定淋溶最佳参数（柠檬酸浓度、固液比、淋溶次数、淋溶时间和淋溶方式）.同时,将自行设计的淋溶瓶和淋溶暗排箱用于批试验最优化参数验证和原位土壤中Cd清除模拟,用CaO絮凝法除去收集暗排废液中的Cd,并通过BCR连续提取法评估土壤中Cd的迁移性和有效性.结果表明,通过柠檬酸的连续分批浸提,使用0.30 mol·L^-1柠檬酸以1 g∶1.5 mL的固液比连续3次、6 h振荡浸提对土壤中总Cd的淋溶去除率可达81.3%.通过淋溶暗排箱试验,经柠檬酸-水梯度淋溶可有效去除78.0%的Cd,暗排液经CaO絮凝可去除95.6%的Cd;柠檬酸对弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及残渣态Cd的淋溶去除率分别为83.0%、70.3%、43.9%和25.0%.研究表明,采用淋溶暗排和CaO絮凝的联合方法可快速去除污染农田土壤中的Cd并避免暗排液二次污染.后续研究需进一步扩大试验规模并开展野外验证试验.     

S-NZVI/PS凝胶反应带修复硝基苯污染地下水

采用前置硫化法合成制备硫化纳米铁,研究其与过硫酸盐对硝基苯的联合降解效果,检测反应前后溶液中铁离子和TOC浓度变化,对反应前后的S-NZVI进行表征,分析S-NZVI和PS对NB的联合降解机制.以纳米硅胶溶液为胶结剂,以PS为活性成分,制备缓释PS溶胶,注入砂柱中扩散形成凝胶,与S-NZVI构成S-NZVI/PS组合反应带,研究其对模拟硝基苯污染地下水的原位修复效果.结果表明,S-NZVI能够高效去除NB并生成大量苯胺（AN）,S-NZVI被PS氧化产生的Fe²⁺与PS组成活化过硫酸盐,对AN具有较好的降解和矿化效果.当NB浓度为100mg/L、S-NZVI和PS的投加量分别为0.5,2.5g/L时,NB去除率达91%,AN出水浓度为1.96mg/L,TOC去除率达64.09%.反应后S-NZVI的主要铁氧化产物为Fe₃O₄和FeO（OH）.反应带实验结果表明,S-NZVI/PS组合反应带可有效去除地下水的NB并高效消减NB还原产生的AN,当进水中NB浓度为100mg/L,流量为0.4mL/min,注入S-NZVI含量为1200mg/L的浆液200mL,二氧化硅含量为30%、PS含量为12.5%的PS凝胶4.8g时,S-NZVI/PS组合反应带7d内对AN的去除率最高达97.6%,NB当量累计去除率为83.7%.     

污染地下水修复技术研究

随着工业化进程的加快,越来越多的化学污染物通过各种途径进入到土壤系统,使地下水受到严重污染,从而直接或间接地威胁到人类的健康,因此地下水污染修复引起了社会的广泛关注。简要说明了中国地下水污染现状,从原位与异位两种不同实施类型详细地介绍了地下水污染修复技术的分类,比较了物理修复、化学修复以及生物修复的优缺点,并展望了地下水污染修复技术未来的发展方向,为地下水资源保护和合理利用提供依据,为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

克拉玛依城市土壤的环境磁学特征研究

对克拉玛依市土壤环境磁学特征进行研究,并探讨土壤磁性增强的机制。结果表明:低频质量磁化率(χLF)在不同用地上依次表现为:交通运输用地>商业用地>林地>公共设施用地>未建设用地>居住用地。交通运输用地、公共设施用地较居住用地、非建设用地的土壤以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物含量较高和少量不完全反铁磁性矿物,且磁性颗粒以多畴(MD)颗粒为主,含少量的单畴(SP)颗粒和稳定单畴(SSD)颗粒,与交通运输用地、公共设施用地受到汽车尾气和其他人为活动产生的污染物中含有大量的粗颗粒亚铁磁性矿物密切相关。     

中韩土壤修复技术筛选重金属耐受性和超富集植物方法比较

比较中国、韩国土壤修复技术中筛选重金属耐受性植物、重金属超富集植物方法的差异。实际操作中采用哪种方法取决于污染区域的实地状况、修复目标和拟修复时间的长短。对于土壤修复而言,耐受性植物,超富集植物的筛选是非常重要的环节,两国技术方法的差异可以作为制定修复措施的有益参考。