原位生物稳定固化技术在铬污染场地治理中的应用研究

原位生物稳定固化方法是控制铬污染场地地下水风险的有效方法,通过实地工程试验,初步验证了原位生物稳定固化法治理南方某铬污染场地的修复效果.实地工程试验的场地面积约600 m2,位于整个污染场地的上游,受高浓度铬污染,总铬含量高值为11 850 mg.kg-1,六价铬含量高值为349 mg.kg-1,污染最为严重的土层为-0.5～-2 m.通过对在试验场地范围内设置注射井注射还原剂和微生物调节剂等,并通过监测井监测分析不同时间不同深度范围内在药剂注射的作用下地下水中六价铬和总铬的浓度变化.工程试验结果表明,原位生物稳定固化技术显著改变了土壤中铬的形态,进而降低了铬的迁移性,消减了地下水污染风险.注入的药剂对注入井(有效范围)内的地下水六铬污染治理效果很好,六价铬转成三价铬并固定稳定率达到94%～99.9%,总铬固定稳定率达到83.9%～99.8%.试验结果对于浅层地下水深度较浅、土壤以粉质黏土和砂质黏土为主的污染场地修复具有重要的参考价值.     

多氯联苯污染场地现场清运实践探讨

《关于持久性有机污染物（POPs）的斯德哥尔摩公约》明确规定于2028年前完成含PCBs液体和被PCBs污染设备的环境无害化管理,浙江省在2006年1月正式启动了PCBs废物削减和处置示范项目。列举了PCBs的危害和处置的紧迫性,在经历多处封存点修复清运工作后,总结了集中封存的PCBs电力电容器现场修复清运的准备工作和修复方法,系统再现了PCBs封存点土壤修复的作业流程及修复中的注意要点,并对今后土壤修复的清运工作提出了建议。     

砷污染土壤复合淋洗修复技术研究

土壤砷污染问题日益严重,淋洗法是修复砷污染土壤的一种有效方法.本研究以砷污染土壤为研究对象,通过批量振荡淋洗实验,将5种常用淋洗剂进行组合复合淋洗,探索最佳复合淋洗组合,对淋洗前后土壤进行形态分析,并通过3种不同污染程度土壤的修复效果比较,研究复合淋洗的适用性.结果表明,复合淋洗效果优于单一淋洗效果,能够很好地提高砷的去除率.当采用4 h 0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH+4 h 0.1 mol·L~(-1)EDTA进行复合二步淋洗时土壤砷的去除率从66.73%提高到91.83%,砷含量由186 mg·kg~(-1)降至15.2 mg·kg~(-1),为最佳淋洗组合.其次,研究结果还表明,淋洗前后土壤中砷的形态发生改变,有效态比例得到有效降低,0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH+0.1 mol·L~(-1)EDTA适用于铝型砷含量较高的砷污染土壤,0.5 mol·L~(-1)OX+0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH适用于铁型砷含量较高的砷污染土壤.     

电子鼻预处理装置的开发及适用性研究

针对气敏传感器的信号响应受气体湿度影响较大的问题,开发了一套用于快速检测和实时监测土壤中挥发性氯代烃污染的电子鼻的预处理装置.优选了干燥剂的材质,评价了最适干燥剂的除湿性能和对氯代烃化合物的吸附情况;把预处理装置与电子鼻联用,通过与气相色谱（GC）检测结果的比较,评价了其用于土壤通风净化过程监测的适用情况.结果表明：①以无水氯化钙和卤代烃分离管搭配组合的干燥装置效果最佳,湿度去除率达99%以上,电子鼻各传感器的基线值与对照组接近;②上述干燥剂连续通入湿度为75%的空气,90 min内湿度几乎可完全去除,120 min内湿度去除率保持在95%以上,对传感器的基线影响较小.③预处理装置未造成检测气体的吸附损耗,通入干燥预处理装置前后的挥发性氯代烃气体浓度差异只有3%～5%;④在土壤通风脱附过程的检测中,通气湿度98%以上的情况下,预处理装置在120 min内对湿度去除率达99%以上;电子鼻与GC对四氯乙烯污染物的检测结果线性拟合判定系数R2〉0.99（n=18）,表明配以干燥预处理装置的电子鼻能够较好地适用于土壤修复过程监测.     

用物理-生态集成技术局部控制富营养化

利用物理-生态工程集成技术对贵州省百花湖(水库)麦西河河口富营养水体进行局部生态修复.结果表明,同期内,富营养化指标总氮、总磷、叶绿素和化学耗氧量工程区内明显低于工程区外,最大相差分别为0.61 mg.L-1、0.041 mg.L-1、23.06μg.L-1和8.4 mg.L-1;透明度工程内明显高于工程外,最大超过1.50 m;富营养化指数工程区内明显要低于工程区外,最大相差20,工程区外属于中-富营养化,而工程区内属于贫-中营养化;浮游植物丰度和生物量工程区内低于工程区外,工程区外浮游植物丰度到达2 125.5×104cells.L-1,而工程区内仅33×104cells.L-1.工程区外浮游植物生物量以蓝藻为主,硅藻和甲藻的比例较小;在工程区内,除了部分蓝藻外,硅藻和甲藻的比例较高,还有一部分裸藻.经过1年多的运行,物理-生态集成技术水质改善生态工程有效地控制了工程区内水华的发生,改变了浮游植物群落结构,控制了富营养化趋势,物理-生态集成技术适合贵州高原河口富营养化水质改善.     

热活化过硫酸盐降解水体和土壤中氰化物的效能和机制

近年来,氰化物引发的环境问题日益受到关注,但相关研究较少.本文利用热活化过硫酸盐技术对水体和土壤中的氰化物的降解过程和机制进行了研究,以期为氰化物的去除提供依据.首先采用批式实验,探究了温度、过硫酸盐添加量和初始pH对水溶液中氰化物降解效果的影响,然后在水溶液氰化物降解实验基础上,采用模配土壤进行了土壤氰化物降解实验.水溶液氰化物降解实验的研究结果表明,过硫酸盐 添加量和温度对于氰化物的降解具有显著影响.当温度从25 ℃升高到70 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从11.06%和17.66%升高到98.12%和97.94%.过硫酸盐添加量从0.5 g?L^-1提高至3 g?L^-1时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从38.27%和35.82%升高到99.05%和99.66%.当 体系的初始pH值为4.5~9.0时,初始pH对于氰化物的降解影响并不明显,但当pH为强碱性时（如pH=12）,氰化物的降解效果受到显著抑制.土壤氰化物降解实验的结果表明,当活化温度为60 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解效率均随过硫酸盐增加而升高,最高降解率分别达46.88%和56.04%.与水溶液中氰化物的降解情况进行对比,发现土壤中氰化物的降解效率远低于水溶液体系.通过探究4种共存阴离子（包括Cl^-、CO₃^2-、H₂PO₄^-、腐殖酸）对氰化物降解过程的影响,发现腐殖酸对氰化物的降解呈现显著的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显,这可能是影响 土壤系统中氰化物降解效率重要原因.本研究通过自由基淬灭实验及氰化物降解产物分析试验证实热激发过硫酸盐产生的SO₄^.-和HO^.对氰化物降解起重要作用,将各种金属-氰络合物最终降解为NO₃^-和CO₂等终产物.     

五溴联苯醚环境修复技术研究

五溴联苯醚是一种典型的持久性有机污染物,其广泛使用对环境造成的污染以及对生物产生的毒性越来越严重,因此研究五溴联苯醚的修复技术具有重要意义.结合当前国内外的研究进展,综述了污染环境中五溴联苯醚的多种修复方法,包括物理修复、化学修复及生物修复等,并介绍了修复技术的机理及影响因素.今后发展的主要方向是寻求多种方法协同作用,以达到快速、彻底的对五溴联苯醚进行降解的效果.     

Mercury remediation potential of a mercury resistant strain Sphingopyxis sp. SE2 isolated from contaminated soil

A mercury resistant bacterial strain SE2 was isolated from contaminated soil.The 16 s rRNA gene sequencing confirms the strain as Sphingopyxis belongs to the Sphingomonadaceae family of the α-Proteobacteria group.The isolate showed high resistance to mercury with estimated concentrations of Hg that caused 50%reduction in growth(EC_(50)) of 5.97 and 6.22 mg/L and minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of 32.19 and 34.95 mg/L in minimal and rich media,respectively.The qualitative detection of volatilized mercury and the presence of mercuric reductase enzyme proved that the strain SE2 can potentially remediate mercury.ICP-QQQ-MS analysis of the remaining mercury in experimental broths indicated that a maximum of 44%mercury was volatilized within 6 hr by live SE2 culture.Furthermore a small quantity(23%) of mercury was accumulated in live cell pellets.While no volatilization was caused by dead cells,sorption of mercury was confirmed.The mercuric reductase gene merA was amplified and sequenced.Homology was observed among the amino acid sequences of mercuric reductase enzyme of different organisms from a-Proteobacteria and ascomycota groups,     

Kinetics of nitrobenzene degradation coupled to indigenous microorganism dissimilatory iron reduction stimulated by emulsified vegetable oil

Widespread contamination by nitrobenzene(NB) in sediments and groundwater requires better understanding of the biogeochemical removal process of the pollutant. NB degradation, coupled with dissimilatory iron reduction, is one of the most efficient pollutant removal methods. However, research on NB degradation coupled to indigenous microorganism dissimilatory iron reduction stimulated by electron donors is still experimental. A model for remediation in an actual polluted site does not currently exist.Therefore, in this study, the dynamics was derived from the Michaelis–Menten model(when the mass ratio of emulsified vegetable oil and NB reached the critical value 91:1). The effect of SO_4~(2-), NO_3~-, Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+), and the grain size of aquifer media on the dynamics were studied, and the NB degradation dynamic model was then modified based on the most significant factors. Utilizing the model, the remediation time could be calculated in a contaminated site.     

Migration behavior and in-situ bioremediation of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent in vadose zone: a review北大核心CSCD

It is of great significance for in-situ bioremediation to clarify the migration behavior and biodegradation laws of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (CHS) in the vadose zone. We systematically summarized the phase distribution of CHS, the interaction between different phases, and the migration characteristics and clarified the evolution rules of CHS under different phases in the polluted vadose zone. CHS exists in the vadose zone as the NAPL, dissolved phase, adsorbed phase, gas phase, and other phases, where there are three decay evolution stages: early, middle, and late stages. Phase change and diffusion matrix size are important indicators at different stages; at the same time, gas, solid, liquid and NAPL phase CHS have a variety of interactive relationships in the vadose zone. Subsequently, the characteristics of the three main biological metabolic pathways of CHS in the vadose zone–aerobic co-metabolism, direct oxidation and anaerobic reduction, and dechlorination–and their influencing factors were summarized. Generally speaking, the anaerobic dechlorination capacity decreases with a decrease in the number of chlorine atoms, whereas the aerobic degradation capacity increases with a decrease in the number of chlorine atoms. The current status of in-situ remediation of CHS in the vadose zone was summarized using biostimulation and bioaugmentation methods, indicating that adding nutrient substances and injecting anaerobic dechlorination strains of Dehalococcoides are effective means of remediation. Simultaneously, the factors influencing the biodegradation of CHS in the vadose zone were elaborated to acquire a systematic insight into the significance of redox characteristics (oxygen) on the degradation of CHS. Finally, research on the biodegradation of CHS in the vadose zone is prospected, and it is necessary to carry out research on the interactive relationship between different phases of CHS, the data monitoring of CHS, the structure of the functional bacterial community, and research and development of active strains to provide theoretical guidance for the in-situ remediation of CHS in the vadose zone. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.