砷污染土壤复合淋洗修复技术研究

土壤砷污染问题日益严重,淋洗法是修复砷污染土壤的一种有效方法.本研究以砷污染土壤为研究对象,通过批量振荡淋洗实验,将5种常用淋洗剂进行组合复合淋洗,探索最佳复合淋洗组合,对淋洗前后土壤进行形态分析,并通过3种不同污染程度土壤的修复效果比较,研究复合淋洗的适用性.结果表明,复合淋洗效果优于单一淋洗效果,能够很好地提高砷的去除率.当采用4 h 0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH+4 h 0.1 mol·L~(-1)EDTA进行复合二步淋洗时土壤砷的去除率从66.73%提高到91.83%,砷含量由186 mg·kg~(-1)降至15.2 mg·kg~(-1),为最佳淋洗组合.其次,研究结果还表明,淋洗前后土壤中砷的形态发生改变,有效态比例得到有效降低,0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH+0.1 mol·L~(-1)EDTA适用于铝型砷含量较高的砷污染土壤,0.5 mol·L~(-1)OX+0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH适用于铁型砷含量较高的砷污染土壤.     

乡镇工业企业环境污染现状调查及整治对策研究

随着全国环保大检查工作的推进,乡镇工业企业的环境污染问题日益突出.通过深入的环保现状调查,某街道工业企业普遍存在占用非工业用地、环保手续不健全、污染防治设施滞后、环境安全意识差等问题.针对以上问题,考虑街道工业企业环境整治面临的负面社会影响、环境监管部门的执法局限等困难,从基本原则、具体方案、职责分工等角度提出可操作性强的环境整治对策,以期有效改善街道环境状况,并为乡镇工业企业环境污染整治提供经验参考.     

Hydraulic characterization for steam enhanced remediation conducted in fractured rock

To explore the viability of Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER) in fractured rock a small-scale steam injection and water/vapour extraction pilot study was conducted at the former Loring Air Force Base in northern Maine, USA. A detailed well testing program was undertaken to assist in the design of the injection and extraction well array, and to assess the possibility of off-site heat and contaminant migration. A structurally complex limestone having low matrix porosity and a sparse distribution of fractures underlies the study site. To characterize the groundwater and steam flow pathways, single-well slug tests and more than 100 pulse interference tests were conducted. The results of the well testing indicate that the study site is dominated by steeply dipping bedding plane fractures that are interconnected only between some wells in the injection/extraction array. The SER system was designed to take advantage of interconnected fractures located at depth in the eastern end of the site. An array of 29 wells located in an area of 60 by 40 m was used for steam injection and water/vapour extraction. The migration of heat was monitored in several wells using thermistor arrays having a 1.5 m vertical spacing. Temperature measurements obtained during and after the 3 month steam injection period showed that heat migration generally occurred along those fracture features identified by the pulse interference testing. Based on these results, it is concluded that the pulse interference tests were valuable in assisting with the design of the injection/extraction well geometry and in predicting the migration pathways of the hot water associated with the steam injection. The pulse interference test method should also prove useful in support of any other remedial method dependant on the fracture network for delivery of remedial fluid or extraction of contaminants.     

Review on design and evaluation of environmental photocatalysts

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has long been considered to be one of the most promising approaches to tackling the myriad environmental issues. However, there are still many challenges for designing efficient and cost-effective photocatalysts and photocatalytic degradation systems for application in practical environmental remediation. In this review, we first systematically introduced the fundamental principles on the photocatalytic pollutant degradation. Then, the important considerations in the design of photocatalytic degradation systems are carefully addressed, including charge carrier dynamics, catalytic selectivity, photocatalyst stability, pollutant adsorption and photodegradation kinetics. Especially, the underlying mechanisms are thoroughly reviewed, including investigation of oxygen reduction properties and identification of reactive oxygen species and key intermediates. This review in environmental photocatalysis may inspire exciting new directions and methods for designing, fabricating and evaluating photocatalytic degradation systems for better environmental remediation and possibly other relevant fields, such as photocatalytic disinfection, water oxidation, and selective organic transformations.

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Stabilization-based soil remediation should consider long-term challenges

Soil remediation is of increasing importance globally, especially in developing countries. Among available remediation options, stabilization, which aims to immobilize contaminants within soil, has considerable advantages, including that it is cost-effective, versatile, sustainable, rapid, and often results in less secondary pollution. However, there are emerging challenges regarding the long-term performance of the technology, which may be affected by a range of environmental factors. These challenges stem from a research gap regarding the development of accurate, quantitative laboratory simulations of long-term conditions, whereby laboratory accelerated aging methods could be normalized to real field conditions. Therefore, field trials coupled with long-term monitoring are critical to further verify conditions under which stabilization is effective. Sustainability is also an important factor affecting the long-term stability of site remediation. It is hence important to consider these challenges to develop an optimized application of stabilization technology in soil remediation.     

Organoclays for Aquifer Bioremediation: Adsorption of Chlorobenzene on Organoclays and its Degradation by RHODOCOCCUS B528

The adsorption and degradation of chlorobenzene on partially modified organoclays and by the autochthonous microorganism Rhodococcus B528 were studied by means of the batch technique. Organoclays were prepared from Na-montmorillonite (MM) by using dodecyltrimethylammonium (C₁₂) and dioctadecyldimethylammonium (2C₁₈) bromides. The degree of modification was 35 (2C₁₈-35-MM) and 89% (C₁₂-89-MM) of the cation exchange capacity of MM. The adsorption experiments were carried out using headspace GC. The intercalation of chlorobenzene into the interlayers of organo-MM was detected by X-ray diffraction. The adsorption isotherms found were of the S1 type indicating a cooperative effect. Chlorobenzene showed a higher affinity for 2C₁₈-35-MM than C₁₂-89-MM, which could not only be explained by the organic carbon content. The comparison with 2,4-dichlorophenol adsorption has implied that for the studied systems the different adsorption mechanisms are primarily governed by the different molecular properties and not by the type of absorbent. The presence of 2C₁₈-35-MM caused no negative effect on the investigated microorganisms and complete biodegradation of chlorobenzene was achieved without desorption limitation for growth, demonstrating the applicability of partially modified organoclays for bioremediation.     

Functions of Straw for In Situ Remediation of Acidic Mining Lakes

The addition of straw in combination with Carbokalk, a by-product from the sugar-industry, was successfully used to stimulate microbial alkalinity generation in an acidic mining lake. To get detailed information about functions of straw, anenclosure experiment was carried out. Straw bundles were placedat the sediment surface of an acidic mining lake (ML 111) and thephysiochemical conditions and the microbiology of the sediment-water contact zone were studied. Straw was degraded by anaerobic microorganisms and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached from straw bundles. Pigmented flagellates responded to the DOC supply in the water column anda considerable amount of algal carbon was transported to the sediment. Straw addition led to microbial reduction of iron andsulfate in the sediment. Sulfate reduction was observed at a pHof 5.5. The pH, however, was not high enough to precipitate H₂S completely. Thus, some H₂S diffused into the watercolumn, where it was reoxidized. Straw did not create orstabilize an anoxic water body above the sediment. Microbial sulfate reduction and pyrite formation only took place in the sediment,whereas iron reduction also took place in the straw. Straw, however, altered the flow conditions above the sediment surfaceand prevented complete mixing of the profundal water. Straw didnot serve as a substratum for a reactive biofilm. We conclude that the most important function of straw for mining lake remediation is to be a long-term nutrient source for microbialalkalinity generation in the sediment.     

Hydrogeological Basis for Biotechnological Remediation of the Acidic Mining Lake ‘RL 111’, Lusatia (Germany)

The drainage basin of the acidic mining lake RL 111 was characterized by hydrogeological and geochemical models to assess its influence on a planned biotechnological remediation of the lake water and lake sediment. Ground, seepage and lake water, as well as the surrounding sediments, were examined to model the hydrodynamic processes and the geochemical developmentof the lake. The geochemical conditions seem to behave in a stable manner (steady state conditions). A reduction of the high sulphate andacid input has not been observed since the beginning of our investigations. The biotechnological remediation of the whole lake should consider a treatment of the dump sediments to improvethe quality of the inflowing groundwater, as well as to reduce erosion.     

玉米对土壤中重金属铅的吸收特性及污染防治

通过山东五莲玉米盆栽试验,研究作物对土壤中铅的吸收效应,探讨环境土壤重金属元素对作物和人类健康的影响.玉米盆栽试验表明,当土壤中加入不同比例的铅时(0～4 000 mg/kg),基本没有观察到铅对玉米的毒害病症,铅对作物的生长发育没有明显的宏观影响.但微区调查揭示,玉米对土壤中的铅具有强烈的吸收性,并可残留在作物的各个部位,且吸收量随土壤中铅添加量的增加而提高;其中根系的吸收性最强,是秸杆、籽实的几十至几千倍,表明作物根系为秸杆、籽实对铅的吸收提供了良好的屏障.不同铅化合物对作物吸收铅的影响不尽相同,用Pb(NO3)2处理的铅吸收量比用PbCl2处理的明显偏高,特别是当土壤中铅添加量较高时,该特征更为显著;而用PbCl2处理的作物,当铅添加量达到一定程度后,除根系外,作物对铅的吸收趋于饱和.运用根系对土壤中铅的特殊吸收性,可以在铅污染的土壤区通过自然作物栽培,并将作物根系从土壤中清除,来逐渐达到环境土壤修复的目的.     

CHALLENGES IN GROUND WATER REMEDIATION: DENSE NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS1

ABSTRACT: Dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminated ground water has proven to be exceptionally difficult to remediate for both physical and chemical reasons. Since DNAPL's are denser than water, their movement is not governed by the direction of ground water flow as is generally the case for other ground water contaminants. Additionally, DNAPLs' interactions with aquifer solids through processes such as sorption tend to make the pollution linger or sometimes apparently disappear, only to return later. Unfortunately, pump-and-treat systems, the traditional way ground water contamination is addressed, have not been effective in cleaning DNAPL contaminated water. Other remediation technologies continue to be developed to address these problems. Policy changes will also be necessary to effectively address the difficulties associated with ground water remediation.