还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的中试研究

为探索还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的工程可行性,以某化工厂铬渣堆存场内六价铬污染土壤为研究对象,开展还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的中试研究。结果表明,DARAMEND-M、硫酸亚铁(Fe SO4)和多硫化钙(CPS)3种药剂对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率超过了99%,糖蜜对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达93.9%。经糖蜜和DARAMEND-M处理的下层土壤,水溶态铬+交换态铬由原来的21.77%分别下降至6.26%和2.95%;经Fe SO4和CPS处理的渣土混合物,水溶态铬+交换态铬由22.12%分别下降至4.58%和2.94%,铬的稳定性明显增强。采用糖蜜、DARAMEND-M和Fe SO4处理后可以降低土壤p H值,而CPS处理则提高土壤p H值;糖蜜和DARAMEND-M有助于提高土壤微生物量碳含量。总体而言,糖蜜和DARAMEND-M适合修复低Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤,在还原稳定化效果和长效性方面,DARAMEND-M药剂优于糖蜜;Fe SO4和CPS在修复高Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤方面具显著效果。     

有机污染土壤原位化学氧化药剂投加方式的综述

原位化学氧化技术是修复有机污染土壤最经济有效的技术之一。药剂的投加与分散技术是原位化学氧化修复技术的核心。药剂投加与分散方式的选择与污染场地的土壤渗透性、特征水平、污染深度、氧化剂性质、修复费用等相关。阐述了直压式注射法、注射井法、土壤置换法和高压-旋喷注射法等药剂投加与分散技术的适用性、控制参数及优缺点等,引用工程实例对药剂投加与分散技术在原位化学氧化修复过程中的应用情况进行了论证。     

固定化菌藻微球的制备、表征及其对富营养化湖水的修复

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠(SA)为主要包埋材料,以活性炭、SiO2和CaCO3作添加剂,采用普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和活性污泥制备固定化菌藻微球。采用正交实验对微球的制备条件进行了优化,并对最优化条件下制得的微球进行了表征,还考察了固定化菌藻微球对某富营养化湖水的修复效果。结果表明,固定化菌藻微球的最优化制备条件为:PVA用量10%(m/v),微生物包埋量15 mL,海藻酸钠用量0.6%(m/v),氯化钙浓度2.0%(m/v)。制得的微球具有较大的比表面积,内部呈网状结构,孔径分布均匀,中孔居多,适合小球藻和微生物生长。采用固定化菌藻微球可有效修复上述湖泊的实际富营养化湖水,微球可重复使用3~4个循环,在前4个循环中,每个循环历时96 h,TN平均去除率达80%以上;TP平均去除率达90%以上;COD平均去除率达85%以上,表明固定化菌藻微球在富营养化湖水的修复方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

铜陵尾矿土壤重金属污染物的固定修复

化学固定法通过向土壤中添加一定的固定剂,降低重金属有效态含量达到修复土壤重金属污染的目的。利用石灰、炉渣和稻草作为土壤重金属固定剂,通过土壤与固定剂的混合来修复铜陵Cu、Cd、Zn污染土壤,分析石灰、炉渣和稻草对土壤有效态Cu、Cd、Zn的固定修复效率和土壤微生物代谢呼吸率的影响。结果表明:除石灰与炉渣单独使用时对Cu固定修复效率低,以及稻草单独使用对Cd与Zn的固定修复效率也较差外,固定剂能够显著的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),尤其石灰、煤渣和稻草的混合物能够最为高效的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量,固定修复效率分别为9428%、7810%和 9857%,同时还能显著提高土壤微生物的代谢呼吸率(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),增大微生物的活性。Pearson’s相关系数分析进一步表明在重金属污染的酸性土壤中,同时增加碱性物质和有机质含量能够较为高效地降低有效态重金属含量,增强土壤微生物抗重金属胁迫和毒性耐受能力,利于土壤的复垦再利用     

Using radon-222 as indicator for the evaluation of the efficiency of groundwater remediation by in situ air sparging

A common approach for remediation of groundwater contamination with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is contaminant stripping by means of in situ air sparging (IAS). For VOC stripping, pressurized air is injected into the contaminated groundwater volume, followed by the extraction of the contaminant-loaded exhaust gas from the vadose soil zone and its immediate on-site treatment. Progress assessment of such remediation measure necessitates information (i) on the spatial range of the IAS influence and (ii) on temporal variations of the IAS efficiency. In the present study it was shown that the naturally occurring noble gas radon can be used as suitable environmental tracer for achieving the related spatial and temporal information. Due to the distinct water/air partitioning behaviour of radon and due to its straightforward on-site detectability, the radon distribution pattern in the groundwater can be used as appropriate measure for assessing the progression of an IAS measure as a function of space and time. The presented paper discusses both the theoretical background of the approach and the results of an IAS treatment accomplished at a VOC contaminated site lasting six months, during which radon was applied as efficiency indicator.     

Photo-induced surface frustrated Lewis pairs for promoted photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid

● Terminal carboxylate group activation is PFOA degradation’s rate-limiting step. ● Bi₃O(OH)(PO₄)₂ with surface frustrated Lewis pairs (SFLPs) efficiently degrade PFOA. ● Photo-induced Lewis acidic sites and proximal surface hydroxyls constitute SFLPs. ● SFLPs act as collection centers to effectively adsorb PFOA. ● SFLPs endow accessible pathways for photogenerated holes rapid transfer to PFOA. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained substantial research interest in treating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-contaminated water. However, sluggish degradation kinetics and low defluorination efficiency compromise their practical applications. Here, we report a superior photocatalyst, defected Bi₃O(OH)(PO₄)₂, which could effectively degrade typical PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), with high defluorination efficiency. The UV light irradiation could in situ generate oxygen vacancies on Bi₃O(OH)(PO₄)₂ through oxidation of the lattice hydroxyls, which further promotes the formation of Lewis acidic coordinately unsaturated bismuth sites. Then, the Lewis acidic sites couple with the proximal surface hydroxyls to constitute the surface frustrated Lewis pairs (SFLPs). With the in-depth spectroscopic analysis, we revealed that the photo-induced SFLPs act as collection centers to effectively adsorb PFOA and endow accessible pathways to transfer photogenerated holes to PFOA rapidly. Consequently, activation of the terminal carboxyl, a rate-limiting step for PFOA decomposition, could be easily achieved over the defected Bi₃O(OH)(PO₄)₂ photocatalyst. These results suggest that SFLPs exhibit great potential in developing highly efficient photocatalysts to degrade persistent organic pollutants.     

电动力学-新型竹炭联合作用下土壤镉的迁移吸附及其机理

研究了土壤中镉在均匀电动力学作用下的迁移特征及其影响因素,以及电场双向切换并加有新型竹炭材料条件下电动力学对镉的去除特性,揭示了利用均匀电动力学-新型竹炭材料联合修复镉污染土壤的特征及其可行性.结果表明,竹炭是一种良好的吸附材料,对镉具有较强的吸附作用,可以用 Freundlich和Langmuir模型很好的模拟吸附过程（R²>0.96）;在电压梯度为1.0 V/cm的条件下,受试土壤中Cd²⁺在均匀电动力学下的迁移速率为0.678 6～0.687 5　cm/h,并且迁移速率大小与Cd²⁺浓度和场强分布有关,电动力场可以有效地迁移土壤中的重金属离子;使用竹炭作为吸附剂的新型工艺中,在与速率实验相同的电压梯度,电场48　h的切换周期下,土壤中镉能够在电场作用下高效迁移至处理区并被吸附去除（12　d去除79.6%）,过程中可以很好地维持土壤的pH和水分条件,过程的电流随切换呈周期性的变化.电动迁移-竹炭吸附作为一种新型工艺具有广泛的应用前景.     

土壤砷污染及修复技术

综述了土壤中砷污染的主要来源,探讨了土壤砷污染的不同修复技术研究现状及特点,并分析了土壤砷污染未来研究需强化的几个方面。     

模块化沉床对城市富营养化水体中TN去除率研究

模块化沉床结构主要包括床体、基质、植物三部分,这些作为人为可控因素对污染水体中TN的去除有着密切的关系。文章通过正交试验和数量化理论分析方法,分析显示自变量对因变量的影响均极显著,并得出沉床最佳组合形式为A2B2C2D3,即:水位是0.50m;陶粒床体;页岩基质;植物为狐尾藻、黄花鸢尾和旱伞草的混合型水生植物组合,它对TN、的去除率可达79%,其可靠性为95%。经正交表L9(34)完全试验中81种组合形式的工程平均估计和数量化方程的预测,这两种统计方法所得结果是吻合的,其结果可作为实施污染水体生态修复时的参考。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术与其他技术联用的进展与前景

随着工业和经济的发展,土壤重金属污染越来越严重,因此重金属污染土壤的修复迫在眉睫。植物修复技术因其经济、环保等优点已经成为国内外研究的热点,但存在修复植物稀少的问题。将其他技术与植物修复技术联用可能是突破植物修复这一局限性的关键举措之一。介绍了基因工程技术与植物修复技术联用的研究进展;总结了微生物技术与植物修复技术联用中植物根际促生细菌、菌根真菌的作用;概述了材料化学技术联合植物修复的应用现状,着重介绍了土壤改良剂和螯合剂的实际应用。最后对基因工程、微生物、材料化学等技术联合植物修复技术在研究和应用中的未来方向进行了前景展望,旨在为植物修复技术发展提供更多新的思路和参考。