Electrokinetic remediation of organochlorines in soil: enhancement techniques and integration with other remediation technologies

Electrokinetic remediation has been increasingly used in soils and other matrices for numerous contaminants such as inorganic, organic, radionuclides, explosives and their mixtures. Several strategies were tested to improve this technology effectiveness, namely techniques to solubilize contaminants, control soil pH and also couple electrokinetics with other remediation technologies. This review focus in the experimental work carried out in organochlorines soil electroremediation, aiming to systemize useful information to researchers in this field. It is not possible to clearly state what technique is the best, since experimental approaches and targeted contaminants are different. Further research is needed in the application of some of the reviewed techniques. Also a number of technical and environmental issues will require evaluation for full-scale application. Removal efficiencies reported in real contaminated soils are much lower than the ones obtained with spiked kaolinite, showing the influence of other factors like aging of the contamination and adsorption to soil particles, resulting in important challenges when transferring technologies into the field.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术与其他技术联用的进展与前景

随着工业和经济的发展,土壤重金属污染越来越严重,因此重金属污染土壤的修复迫在眉睫。植物修复技术因其经济、环保等优点已经成为国内外研究的热点,但存在修复植物稀少的问题。将其他技术与植物修复技术联用可能是突破植物修复这一局限性的关键举措之一。介绍了基因工程技术与植物修复技术联用的研究进展;总结了微生物技术与植物修复技术联用中植物根际促生细菌、菌根真菌的作用;概述了材料化学技术联合植物修复的应用现状,着重介绍了土壤改良剂和螯合剂的实际应用。最后对基因工程、微生物、材料化学等技术联合植物修复技术在研究和应用中的未来方向进行了前景展望,旨在为植物修复技术发展提供更多新的思路和参考。     

Photo-induced surface frustrated Lewis pairs for promoted photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid

● Terminal carboxylate group activation is PFOA degradation’s rate-limiting step. ● Bi₃O(OH)(PO₄)₂ with surface frustrated Lewis pairs (SFLPs) efficiently degrade PFOA. ● Photo-induced Lewis acidic sites and proximal surface hydroxyls constitute SFLPs. ● SFLPs act as collection centers to effectively adsorb PFOA. ● SFLPs endow accessible pathways for photogenerated holes rapid transfer to PFOA. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained substantial research interest in treating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-contaminated water. However, sluggish degradation kinetics and low defluorination efficiency compromise their practical applications. Here, we report a superior photocatalyst, defected Bi₃O(OH)(PO₄)₂, which could effectively degrade typical PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), with high defluorination efficiency. The UV light irradiation could in situ generate oxygen vacancies on Bi₃O(OH)(PO₄)₂ through oxidation of the lattice hydroxyls, which further promotes the formation of Lewis acidic coordinately unsaturated bismuth sites. Then, the Lewis acidic sites couple with the proximal surface hydroxyls to constitute the surface frustrated Lewis pairs (SFLPs). With the in-depth spectroscopic analysis, we revealed that the photo-induced SFLPs act as collection centers to effectively adsorb PFOA and endow accessible pathways to transfer photogenerated holes to PFOA rapidly. Consequently, activation of the terminal carboxyl, a rate-limiting step for PFOA decomposition, could be easily achieved over the defected Bi₃O(OH)(PO₄)₂ photocatalyst. These results suggest that SFLPs exhibit great potential in developing highly efficient photocatalysts to degrade persistent organic pollutants.     

生态产品市场化实现路径及二元价格体系

本文从微观经济学角度阐释生态产品的市场化实现路径及其价格机制。认为生态产品市场化路径的前提是存在有形的,能够体现劳动价值,可交换的产品实体。鉴于现有研究所讨论的生态产品价值的体现皆源于各环境要素的支撑,因此可将清洁的水、空气、土壤等优质环境要素凝练为生态产品的基本有形载体。在此基础上,本文指出政府提供生态产品的有效路径有三条:创造、维系改善及修复。其中修复路径是现阶段市场化的优先选择方式。通过结合现阶段我国新的环保商业化模式——合同环境服务这一新命题,本文构建了生态产品合同环境服务政府采购的有效市场化路径,即政府通过绩效合同采购第三方环保服务,以综合环境目标为合同标的,通过所采购的一体化环境修复项目实现提供良好的生态产品。在此基础上围绕生态产品价格组成,本文提出生态产品的二元价格体系:指出生态产品买入与卖出的不同经济行为对应着生态环境的保护与开发两种对立的发展模式,这两种市场行为的外部性存在正负两种情景。综合考虑生产资料所有者属性,本文创新性地提出生态产品市场交易应采用买入-卖出二元价格体系。买入价格也称保护价格,主要考虑生产成本与利润,生产成本即生态修复项目的费用支出,其中利润是购买者(政府)予以产品生产者(提供修复服务的环保服务商)适当的利润空间,作为该生产者经济行为正外部性的补贴;出让价格也称牺牲价格,包括生产成本、社会成本(外部性成本)、生产资料成本、利润等,其中出让行为价格组成中的社会成本获益是政府,应主要用于支付环境管理成本。值得注意的是,在二元价格体系中,学者们讨论的生态产品价值与买入价格相关性不大,在数值或更接近出让价格。     

Transport of cadmium and assessment of phytotoxicity after electrokinetic remediation

The use of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the electrokinetic removal of cadmium-contaminated soil was evaluated. A total of four different tests were conducted using EDTA as a washing solution as well as a purging solution at the electrode compartments. The efficiency of electrokinetic extraction was significantly influenced by the pH of the soil medium. The results show that EDTA was effective in desorbing cadmium at a high pH, with Cd-EDTA(-) anion complexes migrating toward the anode. At low pH values near the anode area, cadmium existed as Cd(2+), migrating toward the cathode. Such contradicting directions of cadmium have resulted in its detrimental removal from the soil cell. However, accumulation of cadmium near the cathode was observed at the end of the tests due to the dominating low pH in the soil cell. The phytotoxicity after the electrokinetic process was investigated using Sorghum saccharatum, Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba plants. The germination index was a major endpoint estimated by measuring seed germination and shoot elongation. The results obtained show that the phytotoxicity was increased after electrokinetic extraction. Despite, the extensive cadmium removal from two-thirds of the cell, the low pH of the soil was the principal parameter exhibiting the phytotoxicity.     

Urban property values and contaminated sites: A hedonic analysis of Sydney, Nova Scotia

This study examines the impact of contaminated sites on urban property values in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada. The property value effects are examined using an inverse distance specification from the property to the site. A hedonic method employing ordinary least-square technique was used for model estimation. The results show that the presence of contaminated sites has had significant negative effect on the value of residential property. This negative effect, however, is largely localized to within few hundred metres of the sites. The total property value loss in urban Sydney from the contaminated sites is estimated to be $CDN 36 million.     

铬渣污染场地修复技术研究进展

铬渣对中国地下水、地表水和土壤造成了严重污染,并对生态环境和人体健康构成了巨大威胁。开展对铬渣污染场地的修复工作已迫在眉睫。在分析铬污染特性的基础上,阐述了国内外最新铬污染场地修复技术研究动态,并概括分析了其不足与未来铬渣污染场地修复技术的发展趋势。     

多环芳烃污染土壤化学氧化修复技术应用研究

本文在分析了PAHs法污染土壤修复常用技术基础上,以化学氧化修复技术为例,结合案例,探讨了该技术在多环芳烃污染土壤修复中的应用,对打赢蓝天碧水净土保卫战具有积极的现实意义。     

两种电动修复的对比性研究

在自主研发的电动力学装置中,分别采用脉冲电源和直流电源两种供电方式对相同污染浓度的镉污染土壤进行修复,对比分析脉冲电动修复和恒直流电动修复的修复效果和能耗。实验结果表明:与恒直流电动修复相比,在相同的修复时间内,脉冲电动修复处理之后的土壤中镉的去除率提高29.6%~31.0%;在达到相同修复效果(即脉冲电动修复处理和恒直流电动修复处理过程中阴极电导率均为1285μs/cm时),脉冲电动修复的能耗可节省60.8%。     

污染场地修复中二次污染防治措施探讨

土壤污染问题日益凸显,污染土壤修复成为环境保护工作的重点。本文从大气、水、噪声、固体废物及土壤环境等五个方面,对污染土壤修复过程中可能产生的二次污染进行分析,并对二次污染防治措施进行了探讨,以期为之后的污染土地修复工程中二次污染防治工作提供参考。