Role of Acinetobacter sp. in arsenite As(III) oxidation and reducing its mobility in soil

Microbial arsenite oxidation was observed by Acinetobacter sp. XS21, this strain oxidised arsenite As(III) up to 80?mM within 48–72?h of incubation. The present strain XS21 oxidised As(III) at a very high concentration in a shorter interval of time than any of the previous reported microbes. Further, XS21 was applied to the soil to observe its ability in reducing the mobility of As(III), and we found that Acinetobacter sp. XS21 efficiently removed arsenite from soluble-exchangeable fraction and removed 70% of the arsenite as compared to control. This feature makes it a potential candidate for bioremediation. Arsenic-resistant bacteria with strong As(III)-oxidising ability may have potential to improve bioremediation of As(III)-contaminated sites. To understand their basis of resistance and transformation we found the As(III) oxidase gene using degenerate primer and amplified ～550?bp of aioA gene. Amplified aioA gene sequence exhibiting 52% identity in terms of gene and deduced protein sequence to Uncultured bacterium, and Achromobacter sp. arsenite oxidase of larger subunit. Arsenite oxidase, an enzyme, was also observed in this isolate, which may provide a resistance and transforming ability. This bacterium was identified as Acinetobacter sp., by sequencing 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis.     

棉秆炭对镉污染土壤的修复效果

采用盆栽方法,研究了棉秆炭对镉污染土壤的修复效果及对镉污染土壤上小白菜(Brassica chinensis)镉吸收的影响.结果表明:以微孔为主的棉秆炭能够通过吸附或共沉淀作用降低土壤中镉的生物有效性.在轻度镉污染时,棉秆炭处理土壤对镉的吸附速率较快,随着镉污染程度的增加.吸附速率逐渐减慢,吸附量逐渐增加.棉秆炭能够明显降低镉污染土壤上小白菜可食部和根部的镉积累量,可食部镉质量分数降低49.43%～68.29%,根部降低64.14%～77.66%,说明棉秆炭具有修复土壤镉污染,降低蔬菜镉含量的作用,可提高蔬菜品质.     

电动脱除孔隙水削减底泥内源磷的效果研究

选择污染严重的底泥为研究对象,采用基于孔隙水脱除的电动修复装置,进行了底泥脱水排磷实验,探究了电动脱除孔隙水的底泥减磷效果,分析了底泥各形态磷在电动脱除孔隙水中的迁移转化过程.结果表明：电动脱水过程中阴极总脱水量为5740mL,远大于阳极（2121mL）,但脱水中总磷浓度为阳极大于阴极,80%以上的磷从阳极排出,电迁移在电动脱水排磷中起主要作用,通电使排磷总量增加了70%以上,其中在0.25V/cm的电压梯度下修复18d的条件下,排磷量最大;电动脱水排磷效率在通电48h内达到最高[0.73mg/（kW·h）],随后急剧减小;经过电动脱水排磷后,底泥含水率下降了14.07%,底泥总磷降幅最高可达231.92mg/kg,底泥中交换态磷（Ex-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）、钙结合态磷（Ca-P）平均脱除率分别为80.01%、14.75%、40.65%和19.22%,其中阳极酸化导致氧化铁的溶解和Ca-P的释放,故阳极附近Oc-P、Ca-P降幅较大,而阴极碱化使Fe-P释放,故阴极附近Fe-P降幅较大.经计算可知,通过电动脱除孔隙水,底泥中生物可利用性磷（Ex-P+Fe/Al-P）平均下降了14.12%,底泥内源磷释放的风险得以降低.     

重金属钝化剂阻控生菜Cd吸收的功能稳定性和适用性

利用重金属钝化剂阻控蔬菜吸收重金属是治理中轻度重金属污染菜地和保障蔬菜安全生产的重要举措.以重金属固定细菌Bacillus megaterium N3（N3）、稻壳生物炭（BC）、羊粪有机肥（SM）、菌株N3联合生物炭（BC+N3）和菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥（SM+N3）为重金属钝化剂,采用盆栽试验连续种植生菜3次,而只在种植第1次时施重金属钝化剂,研究不同处理对生菜吸收Cd的影响及其功能的稳定性,并利用动态加权综合函数评估这几种钝化材料的综合适用性.结果表明,第1次种植生菜时,与对照相比,所有重金属钝化剂均能显著降低（61.2%~81%）生菜可食用部分Cd的含量.而在第3次种植生菜中,只有菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥的处理能显著降低生菜对Cd的吸收,这表明菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥阻控生菜Cd吸收的功能稳定性最好.利用动态加权综合函数,从新鲜生菜可食用部分Cd含量、土壤有效态Cd含量、每亩产量和每亩修复成本等4个方面进行综合评价.结果显示,菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥的综合适用性最好,其次是羊粪有机肥、菌株N3联合生物炭和生物炭,而菌株N3的综合评价效果最差.本研究结果为重金属污染菜地钝化修复提供理论依据和技术支撑.     

Investigation and risk assessment modeling of As and other heavy metals contamination around five abandoned metal mines in Korea

Tailings, agricultural soils, vegetables and groundwater samples were collected from abandoned metal mines (Duckum, Dongil, Dongjung, Myoungbong and Songchun mines) in Korea. Total concentrations of arsenic (As) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were analyzed to investigate the contamination level. Several digestion methods (Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), 0.1 N/1 N HCl) and sequential extraction analysis for mine tailings were conducted to examine the potential leachability of As and heavy metals from the tailings. The order of urgent remediation for the studied mines based on the risk assessment and remedial goals was suggested. The Songchun mine tailings were most severely contaminated by As and heavy metals. Total concentrations of As and Pb in the tailings were 38,600–58,700 mg/kg (av. 47,400 mg/kg) and 11,800–16,800 mg/kg (av. 14,600 mg/kg), respectively. Agricultural soils having high As concentrations were found at the all mines. Average concentrations of Cd in the vegetables exceeded the normal value at all mines areas, while As only at the Dongjung, Myoungbong, and Songchun mine area. One groundwater sample each from the Dongil and Myoungbong mines, and 4 groundwater samples from the Songchun mine had values above 10 μg/L of As concentration. The TCLP method revealed that only Pb in the Songchun tailings, 6.49 mg/L, exceeded the regulatory level (5 mg/L). Employing the 1-N HCl digestion method, the concentration of As in the Songchun mine tailings, 4,250 mg/kg, was up to 3,000 times higher than its Korean countermeasure standard. Results from the sequential extraction of As in the tailings showed that the easily releasable fraction in the Myoungbong and Songchun mine tailings was more than 30% and the residual fraction was less than 40%. Based on results showing the exposure health risk employing the hazard quotient and cancer risk of As, Cd and Zn, the Dongil mine needs the most urgent remedial action. The concentration reduction factor (CRF) of As in both soil and groundwater follows the order: Songchun>Dongjung>Dongil>Myoungbong>Duckum mine.     

典型禾本科植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用

石油类污染物对土壤生态系统的结构与功能造成了较为严重的破坏,影响植物的生长,甚至直接影响到人类健康。选择典型禾本科植物-高粱和玉米,通过盆栽实验,种植于模拟石油污染的土壤中,植物成熟收割后,通过测定土壤中总石油烃的含量,植物体中多环芳烃和直链烷烃的含量,研究高粱和玉米对石油污染土壤的修复作用。结果显示:在种植高粱、玉米后,土壤中总石油烃含量明显降低,并且在收获的高粱、玉米植物体中直链烷烃和多环芳烃含量明显高于空白对照组(未检出)。说明高粱、玉米对石油烃具有一定的去除作用,且高粱对土壤中石油烃的去除作用高于玉米;高粱、玉米对土壤中的多环芳烃和直链烷烃具有一定的积累与富集作用。     

应用地球化学工程学修复水、气、土壤污染的研究进展

本文简要介绍了地球化学工程学的基本概念、主要环境技术及尺度 ,综述了地球化学工程学在水、大气、土壤污染修复中的研究进展。     

Copper biosorption on immobilized seaweed biomass： Column breakthrough characteristics

The biosorption of copper by the brown seaweed Sargassum baccularia,immobilized onto polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel beads, was investigated with fixed-bed experiments.Laboratory-scale column tests were performed to determine breakthrough curves with varying flow rates and feed concentrations.A theoretical fixed-bed model,known as the Bohart-Adams equation,was evaluated in simulating the experimental breakthrough curves.The Bohart-Adams model qualitatively predicted the breakthrough trends.PVA- immobilized seaweed biomass beads were amenable to efficient regeneration with aqueous solution containing the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA).The biosorbent retained most of its original uptake capacity over three cycles of use.The excellent reusability of the biosorbent could lead to the development of a viable metal remediation technology.     

利用植物控制水体富营养化的研究与实践

综述富营养化水体的植物净化与修复技术研究现状,重点论述了植物去除氮、磷和抑制藻类繁殖两大生态功能及其工程利用的形式,并简要分析了不同利用形式的优缺点和适用场合;展望了利用植物控制水体富营养化的研究前景。     

土壤中2,4-二氯酚在非均匀电动力学作用下的迁移

研究了土壤中的2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)在非均匀电动力学作用下的迁移特征和影响因素,揭示利用非均匀电动力学技术修复2,4-DCP污染土壤的特性．结果表明,非均匀电动力学过程能有效地促进土壤中2,4-DCP的解吸和迁移,其作用效果与土壤性质、电极反应和运行方式等密切相关．土壤pH较高时,2,4-DCP主要通过电迁移向阳极运动,向阴极的电渗析作用影响较小．电极反应影响土壤pH和2,4-DCP的离解,使2,4-DCP的迁移随时间而变化,其变化程度与土壤酸碱缓冲能力和Zeta电位密切相关．采用适当的运行方式可以控制土壤中2,4-DCP的运移．