Real-time wastewater monitoring as tool to detect clandestine waste discharges into the sewage system

The entry of illegally discharged waste into the sewage system can cause serious damage to sewage pipes and harm the public domain. Besides industrial and communal sources, discharges from clandestine laboratories are of special forensic interest. Aim of this study is to investigate the possibility to detect clandestine discharges of possibly hazardous waste directly at the point of discharge. Tests were performed at a facility where real wastewater was pumped in a controlled way through an open sewage pipe above ground. Chloride, ammonia, pH and conductivity electrodes were investigated for their ability to detect discharges of different types of waste. Waste samples were diluted up to 50 times in a static wastewater environment and pH, conductivity and chloride electrodes were able to distinguish all waste dilutions from blank wastewater. These three electrodes were then used for dynamic tests by placing them inside flowing sewage water and discharging different types of liquid waste ten meters upstream of them. Parameters of the waste discharges like volume, time interval and speed of discharge were varied and the responses of the electrodes were collected. The dynamic tests showed that these three electrodes were able to pick up different waste discharges in a real wastewater environment. It was found that a high sampling rate of the sensors would be required to connect a certain discharge to a specific household connection. These findings highlight the possibility to locate illegal discharges, coming from a variety of sources, using the waste discharge itself.     

碱催化H2O2氧化法预处理奶牛养殖废水的试验研究

采用碱催化H2O2氧化法对奶牛养殖废水进行预处理试验,研究了温度、pH、H2O2投加量、反应时间等参数对COD去除效果的影响,确定了反应最佳运行条件。试验结果表明,碱催化H2O2氧化法在pH7~12时,对COD的去除率为40%~60%;当反应温度50℃,pH值9,H2O2投加量2.72 g/L,反应时间20 min时,COD的去除率为66.3%。     

药物活性物质在污水厂中的分布与迁移转化探讨

采用高效液相色谱法测定17种药物活性物质在5家污水厂的含量水平和去除率,并探讨其迁移转化特征。结果表明,17种药物活性物质均能在污水厂进水中检出,测定值为—～21. 58μg/L,在脱水污泥中的测定值为—～30. 81μg/g。分析其在污水厂中迁移转化特征,表明污水处理过程中磺胺类药物的主要去除机制是污泥吸附作用,而β-内酰胺类、卡马西平和降压降脂类等药物的主要去除机制为降解作用。     

Evaluation of Brasilia wastewater sludge as a biomass resource for the production of energy by gasification simulation

This work evaluated the sludge potential of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (ETA) in the city of Brasília to be used as a fuel by gasification. It is known that ETA sludge is a significant environmental liability, since current legislation restricts its final disposal. For this, the chemical characterisation of ETA sludge was performed by immediate and elemental analysis. No traces of heavy metals were observed, and the moisture (ω) and ash contents were 31.17 and 51.77%, respectively, different from those already reported in the literature because the composition depends on the water treatment technology employed. The gasification process was numerically simulated; once dry, it constitutes a residue with an energy content (HHV) of 22.4498 MJ kg^?1, comparable with other types of biomass currently used for large-scale energy generation by thermochemical processes (e.g. agricultural residues, wood and sugar cane bagasse). For the numerical simulation with an equivalence ratio (Φ) near 3, higher concentrations of CO and H₂ can only be achieved with ω lower than 15%. The results showed that gasification can be an attractive option for the disposal and use of a renewable waste resource, such as ETA sludge, in an environmentally safe way, and it is allowed by local legislation.     

塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法测定废水中低含量锡

试验了集恒温平台石墨炉 (STPF)于一体的纵向塞曼效应背景校正 ,最大功率升温 ,钯作为基体改进剂和峰面积积分 (A -s)测定废水中低含量锡的新方法。测定结果表明 ,锡含量在 0 μg/L～ 10 0 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系 ,检测限 (3σ) 3 5× 10 -11g ,特征量为 9 1× 10 -11g ,相对标准差小于 6 % ,回收率在 91%～ 10 7%之间     

Assessment of Wastewater Reuse Effects on Nutrient Loads from Paddy Field Using Field-Scale Water Quality Model

CREAMS-PADDY, a modified version of the field-scale CREAMS model, simulates the hydrologic, sediment, and nutrient cycles in paddy fields. The CREAMS-PADDY model was applied to estimate the effects of using wastewater for irrigation on nutrient loads from paddy fields in Republic of Korea. The model was calibrated and validated using data from two rice paddy fields. The coefficient of determination between observed and simulated total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 0.92 and 0.57, respectively, for the calibration period and 0.84 and 0.73 for the validation period. Simulations showed that when using wastewater for irrigation, the total nitrogen loads increased by 210% and total phosphorus by 1,270% when compared with conventional water irrigation. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentration in the ponded water increased by 254 and 534%, respectively, when compared with conventional water irrigation. The effect of reducing N and P fertilizer application rates by 10, 30, and 50% on nutrient loads exiting a paddy field were also simulated using the validated CREAMS-PADDY model. These simulations indicated that total phosphorus loads from the paddy were reduced only slightly by reducing the fertilizer, while total nitrogen loads were reduced by as much as 8.8, 16.6, and 24.4% when N ferlitizer rates were reduced by 10, 30, and 50%, respectively. An erratum to this article can be found at     

煤气化过程中气态污染物采样分析的研究进展（续）

通过考察气态污染物采样方法的基本原理,对比分析国内外常压采样系统和加压采样系统的设计特征,选择煤气化过程中5种常见气态污染物为分析对象,列举常用的化学分析法和仪器分析法,为加压气化装置采样系统的设计提供参考材料和建议,归纳了一些有助于提高气态污染物检测数据可靠性的措施,希望能为煤气化过程中（特别是加压煤气化过程中）气态污染物采样系统的设计提供思路和借鉴。     

燃煤电厂石膏雨污染排放实测

对上海市8台燃煤机组开展了石膏雨和相关污染物排放监测,考察部分燃煤电厂石膏雨排放对周边居民生活和电厂生产造成的影响。结果表明,采用GGH并加热到一定温度,同时对除雾器进行优化的机组烟尘和可凝结颗粒物浓度均较低,石膏雨沉降和液滴均未检出,无冷凝回流液;虽然装有湿式电除尘器和GGH的机组石膏雨沉降未检出,但液滴浓度较高;仅装有湿式电除尘器的2台机组中1台检出石膏雨沉降;对照机组石膏雨沉降和液滴浓度均较高。建议电厂提升排烟温度,同时采取措施消除烟气中石膏夹带,彻底消除石膏雨,在标准制定时应充分考虑目前燃煤电厂多种污染物排放情况及其对环境的影响,尤其是石膏雨和可凝结颗粒物,制定相应的监测方法和评价体系,将其纳入火电厂排放标准中。     

燃煤锅炉烟气中CPM与水溶性离子监测方法及应用研究

建立燃煤锅炉烟气可凝聚颗粒物(CPM)与水溶性离子监测采样方法,并应用于北京市典型烟气净化工艺燃煤锅炉排放监测。结果表明,北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中总颗粒物(TPM)基准排放质量浓度最高达82.4 mg/m3,最低14.0 mg/m3,其中CPM占TPM的43.5%~92.2%,水溶性离子对TPM的贡献水平为31.4%~62.2%。烟温对水溶性离子的分布形态有显著影响,进而影响TPM中可过滤颗粒物(FPM)和CPM的分配比例。颗粒物和水溶性离子的排放与烟气含湿量之间无显著相关性,而与燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫除尘净化工艺和脱硫产物的溶解度及其脱除方式密切相关。     

固体废物加工产物属于产品的条件

借鉴欧盟、经济合作与发展组织、美国提出的固体废物加工产物属于产品需要满足的条件,结合《固体废物鉴别导则(试行)》中鉴别固体废物加工产物不属于固体废物而属于产品时最常用的因素,提出固体废物加工产物属于产品需要同时满足的3个条件,即符合国家、地方或行业通用的产品质量标准,符合国家污染控制标准,以及生产工艺过程和相应设施通过环境影响评价及建设项目竣工环境保护验收,为固体废物加工产物的固体废物监管和鉴别提供参考。