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351.
Christian Toochi Egbuche Jia’en Zhang Okechukwu Ukaga 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(4):905-928
Using institutional appraisal focused groups (FG) and participatory appraisals with Dillman Total Design Method (TDM), this
study examines community interaction with and utilization of wetland resources in Xinhui, Guangdong Province, China. Field
results show high commercial activities and corresponding impacts on coastal environment. Other interacting factors identified
include: legislation and ecosystem management, stakeholders’ participation, international guidelines criteria, and utilization
of mangrove resources in the region. Sensitivity index and community-based natural resources management collaboration comparison
percentile showed significant differences between cumulative distributions of respondents (D = 0.2568, P = 0.078). Likert statement of 11 sensitivity optional indexes in EMS of K–S test at 0.05 level of P = 0.078 also show significant differences in interaction between respondent groups and sensitivity factors. This indicates
a dysfunction between regional environmental management systems and CBNRM in Xinhui coastal district. Considering the high
tourism potential and economic quest of the region, there is the need for coordinated community enlightenment and further
studies on the social, ecological and economic value of wetland resources.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
352.
A.M. Kooijman I. Lubbers M. van Til 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3158-3165
Effects of high atmospheric nitrogen-deposition partly depend on availability of phosphate. Lime-poor, but iron-rich dune grasslands are supposedly protected from grass-encroachment, due to P-fixation in iron phosphate. However, in iron-rich Dutch hinterdunes, dunes have low, but dry former beach plains high grass-encroachment. To test whether these zones differ in nutrient availability, and whether this changed with duration of grass-encroachment, we measured net N-mineralization, microbial characteristics and different fractions of P and Fe from pioneer and shortgrass to tallgrass stages approximately 10, 20 and >25 years old. N-mineralization did not differ between zones, but increased in older tallgrass stages in the organic layer. P-availability was significantly lower in the low grass-encroachment zone, with SOM values below 3% and mineral Fe above 40% allowing for P-fixation in iron phosphates. In the high grass-encroachment zone, however, P-availability increased, because SOM increased and Fe became incorporated in organic matter complexes, with more reversible P-sorption. 相似文献
353.
Lisa M. Smith John M. Macauley Linda C. Harwell Cynthia A. Chancy 《Environmental management》2009,44(1):149-162
Water quality was assessed following Hurricane Katrina in the affected waters of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Post-landfall
water quality was compared to pre-hurricane conditions using indicators assessed by EPA’s National Coastal Assessment program
and additional indicators of contaminants in water and pathogens. Water quality data collected after Hurricane Katrina suggest
that the coastal waters affected by the storm exhibited higher salinity and concentrations of chlorophyll a, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and total suspended solids following the storm compared to the previous 5-year averages.
Higher bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations and light attenuation were also observed. Contaminant concentrations measured
in the water column were very low or undetectable, as were the presence of pathogens. Overall water quality did not significantly
differ from water quality assessed in the five years preceding the storm. Statistical analyses indicate that use of a probabilistic
survey design is appropriate for making pre-storm and post storm comparisons for water quality condition on an areal basis.
The information in this article has been funded wholly (or in part) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It has been
subjected to review by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This is contribution number 1280 from the Gulf Ecology Division. 相似文献
354.
Ana M. Nobre 《Environmental management》2009,44(1):185-204
An adaptation of the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response methodology is presented in this work. The differential DPSIR
(ΔDPSIR) was developed to evaluate impacts on the coastal environment and as a tool for integrated ecosystem management. The
aim of the ΔDPSIR is to provide scientifically-based information required by managers and decision-makers to evaluate previously
adopted policies, as well as future response scenarios. The innovation of the present approach is to provide an explicit link
between ecological and economic information related to the use and management of a coastal ecosystem within a specific timeframe.
The application of ΔDPSIR is illustrated through an analysis of developments in a Southwest European coastal lagoon between
1985 and 1995. The value of economic activities dependent on the lagoon suffered a significant reduction (ca. −60%) over that
period, mainly due to a decrease in bivalve production. During that decade the pressures from the catchment area were managed
(ca. 176 million Euros), mainly through the building of waste water treatment plants. Notwithstanding this, the ecosystem
state worsened with respect to abnormal clam mortalities due to a parasite infection and to benthic eutrophication symptoms
in specific problematic areas. The negative economic impacts during the decade were estimated between −565 and −315 million
Euros, of which 9–49% represent the cost of environmental externalities. Evaluation of these past events indicates that future
management actions should focus on reducing the limitation on local clam seeds, which should result in positive impacts to
both the local socio-economy and biodiversity. 相似文献
355.
Sea surface colour data, derived from the Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) archive, have been used to assess the space/time
variability of coastal plumes and run-off in the Mediterranean Sea. A time series of 2645 scenes, collected by the CZCS from
1979 to 1985, was processed to apply sensor calibration algorithms, correct for atmospheric contamination, and derive chlorophyll-like
pigment concentration. Individual images, remapped on a 1-km2 pixel grid, were generated for each available day, and then mean values calculated pixel by pixel to form monthly, seasonal
and annual composites. The results obtained must be taken with caution, due to the CZCS limitations in the quantitative assessment
of bio-optical pigments when high concentrations of dissolved organics or suspended sediments are present, e.g. along littorals
or within plumes. Marked differences appear in the distribution of water constituents between coastal zones and open sea,
northern and southern near-coastal areas, western and eastern sub-basins. The oligotrophic character of the basin contrasts
with areas of high concentration related to river plumes—Ebro (Ebre), Po, Rhone, Nile—, coastal run-off patterns, and persistent
mesoscale features (e.g. coastal filaments and eddies). Seasonal variability appears to be high, with higher concentrations
occurring over most of the basin in the cold season, when climatic conditions are favourable to coastal run-off and vertical
mixing. Atmospheric forcing (wind and rainfall over continental margins) could play an important role in establishing the
observed space/time distribution of water constituents. The impact of continental interactions (fluvial and coastal run-off),
or that of exchanges between coastal zone and open sea, could have paramount influence on the biogeochemical fluxes in the
entire basin. 相似文献
356.
M. Capobianco M. J. F. Stive J. A. Jiménez A. Sanchez-Arcilla 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1998,4(1):7-16
Global climatic change is likely to take place and could eventually affect Mediterranean deltas and other lowlying coastal
regions. This would have serious implications for the natural resources of these deltaic areas, as well as for human settlements
and related economic activities.
To achieve sound decision making, to prevent damages and to avoid risky investments, it is necessary to understand the integral
functioning of deltaic areas and to determine their vulnerability and response to large-scale change phenomena. Optimal use
of the available knowledge will require that existing and new field measurements are combined and that integrated (physical/ecological)
conceptual models of deltaic behaviour are developed with socio-economics scenarios as boundary conditions.
This paper illustrates the methodological effort towards organizing a modeling framework to conduct budget computations at
various scales with reference to the most significant ‘physiogrpahic units’ and to the most significant deltaic processes.
The final objective is to handle the problem of evaluating possible changes under different scenarios. 相似文献
357.
We predict the decadal change in position of three American Samoa mangroves from analysis of a time series of remotely sensed
imagery, a geographic information system, tide gauge data, and projections for change in sea-level relative to the mangrove
surface. Accurate predictions of changes to coastal ecosystem boundaries, including in response to projected relative sea-level
rise, enable advanced planning to minimize and offset anticipated losses and minimize social disruption and cost of reducing
threats to coastal development and human safety. The observed mean landward migration of three mangroves' seaward margins
over four decades was 25, 64, and 72mma−1, 12 to 37 times the observed relative sea-level rise rate. Two of the sites had clear trends in reductions in mangrove area,
where there was a highly significant correlation between the change in position of the seaward mangrove margin and change
in relative sea-level. Here it can be inferred that the force of sea-level rise relative to the mangrove surface is causing
landward migration. Shoreline movement was variable at a third site and not significantly correlated with changing sea-level,
where it is likely that forces other than change in relative sea-level are predominant. Currently, 16.5%, 23.4%, and 68.0%
of the three mangroves' landward margins are obstructed by coastal development from natural landward migration. The three
mangroves could experience as high as a 50.0% reduction in area by the year 2100. A 12% reduction in mangrove area by the
year 2100 is possible in the Pacific islands region. 相似文献
358.
Artisanal fishing is an activity which has long occupied an important place on the West African coast. In less than 20 years,
the increasingly widespread use of motors in fishing boats and cold storage facilities both on board and on land have enabled
fishermen to master the constraints of space and time. Furthermore, globalization has created a demand for new products, thus
influencing the behaviour of fishermen and consequently the status of some fish, turtle and marine mammal species. Development
policies for artisanal fishing do not adequately reflect the importance of these changes. They tend to use inappropriate scales
of reference, be it spatially (national borders take precedence over ecosystems) or temporally (the long-term consequences
of development plans are seldom considered). Some international conservation organizations are testing promising new approaches
to managing resources more sustainably and restoring degraded ecosystems, and their recent experiences can serve as useful
examples to others. It is recommended to grant special rights of access to resident fishermen. In defending ‘their’ resources,
they will also protect the ecological functions of the area. Close collaboration with administrations and development assistance
agencies is needed to assess consequences of political decisions on the use of resources. The important role of marine protected
areas as a tool for fishing management should be better documented and strengthened. These areas should not be considered
as isolated units but rather as vital parts of a comprehensive system for improved coastal zone management. Consistent with
the ecosystem approach, fishermen and their communities, being the main users of coastal resources, should also play a major
role in the design and implementation of any fishing management actions. 相似文献
359.
J. S. Mani 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2001,7(1):23-30
The Chennai coast, an integral part of the east coast of India, extends over ca. 35 km. Over the past 120 yr the coastline
has witnessed both man-made and natural disturbances which led to the destruction of the beach front. The construction of
Madras harbour in 1876, was the prime cause of the degradation of this very sensitive coastal region. Continued growth of
Madras harbour has helped in the natural formation of the wide ‘Marina Beach’, south of the harbour. But the shoreline north
of the harbour suffered the consequences of harbour development activities. The north shore receded by ca. 500 m over the
past 120 yr and received attention from the authorities in the past few decades because of the growing awareness of the conservation
value of the coast. This paper highlights the effects of Madras harbour development on the adjoining coast and on the shortterm
mitigation measures planned and executed by the Government agencies to protect the fragile coastline. In spite of sincere
efforts to protect the coastline, the destruction continues unabated due to various reasons. This paper analyses the facts
and suggests a long-term solution to protect the coastline and to regain the past glory. Feasible and cost effective permanent
measures are identified, construction methods suggested and the advantages that the community can derive from the longterm
solutions are discussed. 相似文献
360.