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371.
Catherine Meur-Férec 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1997,3(2):121-132
In Europe, Britain was relatively early in being aware of the necessity of conserving natural coastal sites, though not as
early as The Netherlands. In the 1960s and 1970s, increasing economic and tourist pressures in Europe prompted measures geared
to the protection of other coasts in Europe. The promptness of the British reaction was a result of a sensitive public opinion
and of powerful private trusts (National Trust with Enterprise Neptune) rather than of a commitment by the Government. In
France a specific organization, in part inspired by the British principle, was set up. However, the French system is based
much more on a public authority, theConservatoire de l’Espace Littoral et des Rivages Lacustres and on legislation (Coastal Law of 1986). Although very different in the beginning, French and British conservation politics
today show many similarities, along with the similarities in the concerns of both countries. 相似文献
372.
Detailed analysis of the land cover of the Estonian coastal zone is presented based on Estonian laws on coastal zone management,
the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) system, the status of protected areas, and administrative division data of Estonia. By law the
coastal zone is defined as a 200-m wide zone landward from the mean sea level line. The length of the Estonian coastline (including
the islands) is 3794 km. The 200-m zone of the Estonian coast is very diverse. Out of the 34 CORINE land cover types represented
in Estonia 30 are found in the coastal zone. Three dominating land cover types in the coastal zone of Estonia are inland marshes,
coniferous forest and semi-natural grassland. Their total share is 47%; the other 27 land cover types represented here cover
53% of the coastal zone. The Estonian coastal zone is generally in a good natural condition. The proportion of artificial
surfaces throughout the zone is merely 4.7%, while agricultural landscapes cover only ca. 10%. Land cover data for the coastal
zone are also presented by county. Of the 200-m coastal zone 24% is under protection, which is more than twice the value for
Estonia as a whole (11%). Legislative protection of the coastal zone is presently satisfactory. The use of the CORINE Land
Cover system enables comparisons with other European regions since CLC data have been compiled for most of Europe. 相似文献
373.
Summary. Following herbivory, induced responses involving plant secondary metabolites have been reported in a number of tree species.
Although a wide range of plant secondary metabolites appear to operate as constitutive plant defences in trees belonging to
the Eucalyptus genus, no induced responses have as yet been reported following foliar-chewing insect damage. We empirically tested whether
branch defoliation (artificial and larval) of 2-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees altered the abundance of specific plant secondary metabolites immediately (3 months after initial larval feeding)
and 8 months after the cessation of larval feeding. Metabolites assayed, included essential oils, polyphenolic groups and
foliar wax compounds and in all cases their abundance was not significantly altered by defoliation. However, the level of
foliar tannins after 3 months of larval feeding did display a trend that suggested elevated levels as the result of defoliation,
though this trend was not evident 8 months later, indicating that, if real, the response was a rapid and not a delayed induced
response. The level of foliar tannins was also negatively correlated to both average larval survival and average percentage
branch defoliation, suggesting that foliar tannins may operate as toxins and/or anti-feedants to M. privata larval feeding. 相似文献
374.
利用青岛市连9年的主空探测资料,分析也大气温度的变化与高空臭氧层有关,高层气温与地面气温呈负相关变化。高空臭氧减少,使沿海地区温度梯度加大,在不我向时可能造成大气污染加重,暖气团辐合上升,易将大气污染物挟带支支中,当酸性物大于碱性物时形成酸雨,产生一系大气环境问题。 相似文献
375.
中国海岸侵蚀危害及其防治 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
防治海岸侵蚀是减灾防灾的一项重要内容.本文从海岸侵蚀的产生机理出发,针对其造成危害的侵蚀分布特点加以论述,并给出了应采取的整治对策. 相似文献
376.
Rising demand for shrimp in the developed nations has helped to foster a dramatic growth in marine shrimp aquaculture, particularly
in South America and South Asia. In Thailand, Marine shrimp aquaculture is now an important earmer of foreign exchange. The
growth in Production has been achieved through the expansion of the culture area and the adoption of intensive production
methods. The conversion of near-shore areas to shrimp culture, however, is proving to have many consequences that impinge
on the environmental integrity of coastal areas. This paper reviews the development of Thailand's marine shrimp culture industry
and examines the nature of the environmental impacts that are emerging. It then discusses the implications these have for
rural poor and the long-term viability of the culture industry. 相似文献
377.
Mirady Sebastiani Sara Elena González María Mercedes Castillo Pablo Alvizu María Albertina Oliveira Jorge Pérez Antonio Quilici Martín Rada María Carolina Yáber Miguel Lentino 《Environmental management》1994,18(5):647-661
In Venezuela, large-scale shrimp farming began in the 1980s. By 1987, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARNR)
had received 14 proposals for approval. A developer illegally started the construction of ponds at the Píritu Lagoon in the
State of Anzoátegui before the authorization process was completed. This action triggered a land-use conflict. This study
identifies the causes for public protest and determines the consequences of this conflict for land-use management. The results
show that public protest was based on the impacts of the partial construction of ponds. These impacts were related to direct
removal of wetlands, interruption of natural patterns of surface flows, and alteration of feeding grounds of some bird species
with migratory status. Consequences were identified in relation to the role that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play
in land-use conflicts and the actions that MARNR could take in the future to prevent and solve similar situations. 相似文献
378.
Günay Kocasoy 《Environmental management》1989,13(4):469-475
The increase in the number of tourists visiting a coast is desired by most of the countries for economic reasons. However, this increase in tourism may cause pollution of the sea. This can be only avoided by proper planning and by predicting the carrying capacity of the coast in terms of sea pollution. This is especially important for developing countries where part of the wastewater is discharged without any treatment into the sea.In the present study the beaches were classified according to their use — and consequently the amount of waste discharged into the sea — into four groups: (1) coasts that are used only for swimming and recreational purposes; (2) coasts used simultaneously for dwelling, swimming, and recreational purposes; (3) coasts along which only dwellings exist; and (4) natural and man-made harbors, i.e., coasts used as shelters. During the survey,40,320 observations were made between December 1985 and February 1988 to determine the effect of the number of tourists on seawater quality. The results obtained were analyzed by a multilinear regression program to obtain an empirical equation giving the extent of the sea pollution in terms of coliform concentration as a function of population density and some other environmental factors.The equations derived in this study enable the determination of the carrying capacity of a beach in terms of pollution as well as the expected degree of pollution corresponding to a given population density. Furthermore, it allows the prediction of the extra carrying capacity that can be obtained by improving the waste-disposal conditions. 相似文献
379.
Assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change: comparing segmentation at global and regional scales 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Silvia Torresan Andrea Critto Matteo Dalla Valle Nick Harvey Antonio Marcomini 《Sustainability Science》2008,3(1):45-65
Recent concerns about potential climate-change effects on coastal systems require the application of vulnerability assessment
tools in order to define suitable adaptation strategies and improve coastal zone management effectiveness. In fact, while
various research efforts were devoted to evaluate coastal vulnerability to climate change on a national to global level, fewer
applications were carried out so far to develop more comprehensive and site-specific vulnerability assessments suitable to
plan possible adaptation measures at the regional scale. In this respect, specific indicators are needed to address climate-change-related
issues for coastal zones and to identify vulnerable areas at the regional level. Two sets of coastal vulnerability indicators
were selected, one for regional and one for global studies, respectively, concerning the same features of coastal systems,
including topography and slope, geomorphological characteristics, presence and distribution of wetlands and vegetation cover,
density of coastal population and number of coastal inhabitants. The proposed set of indicators for the regional scale was
chosen taking into account the availability of environmental and territorial data for the whole coastal area of the Veneto
region and was based on site-specific datasets characterized by a spatial resolution appropriate for a regional analysis.
Moreover, a GIS-based segmentation procedure was applied to divide the coastline into linear segments, homogeneous in terms
of vulnerability to climate change and sea-level rise at the regional scale. This approach allowed to divide the Veneto shoreline
into 140 segments with an average length of about 1 km, while the global scale approach identified four coastal segments with
an average length of about 66 km. The performed comparison indicated how the more detailed approach adopted at the regional
scale is essential to understand and manage the complexities of the specific study area. In fact, the 25-m DEM employed at
the regional scale provided a more accurate differentiation of the coastal area's elevation and thus of coastal susceptibility
to the inundation risks, compared to the 1-km DEM used at the global level. Moreover, at the regional level the use of a 1:20,000
geomorphological map allowed to differentiate the unique landform class detected at the global level (e.g., fluvial plain)
in a variety of more detailed coastal typologies (e.g., open coast eroding sandy shores backed by bedrock) characterized by
a different sensitivity to climate change and sea-level rise. Accordingly, the information provided by regional indicators
can support decision-makers in improving the management of coastal resources by considering the potential impacts of climate
change and in the definition of appropriate actions to reduce inundation risks, to avoid the potential loss of valuable wetlands
and vegetation and to plan the nourishment of sandy beaches subject to erosion processes. 相似文献
380.
This paper presents the results from a study which was undertaken to monitor, map and quantify salt marsh change along 440
km of shoreline within the county of Essex, south-east England, between 1973 and 1998. Results indicate that during this 25-yr
period, 1000 ha of salt marsh has been lost in Essex, primarily due to coastal erosion. This figure represents ca. 25% of
the total salt-marsh area originally present in Essex in 1973. The salt marshes of Essex are important nature conservation
areas, with many sites designated as Special Protection Areas under the EC Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) and as Special Areas
of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Salt marshes are also natural features which significantly dissipate
wave and tidal energy, thereby playing an important role in contributing to effective coastal defence. The large-scale loss
of salt marsh in Essex has, therefore, implications for both nature conservation and flood defence. Potential hypotheses for,
and implications of such losses are discussed in this paper, together with the identification of potential management approaches
to alleviate the losses. 相似文献