地下建筑内部环境天然辐射强度监测分析

地下建筑具有重要的民用价值和军事用途,但其内部环境中的天然辐射可能危害人体健康。用多功能辐射测量仪对不同类型的地下建筑进行监测后,经分析发现:地下建筑内部环境中的天然辐射强度总体低于室外地面和地上层室内,这种规律与以往研究结果有所不同;在人员年工作时间正常的情况下,地下建筑内部环境中的天然辐射剂量不超过标准限值1mSv/a,对身体健康无损伤效应,可进行工作和军事活动;但在工作时间足够长的情况下,辐射剂量会超过标准限值1mSv/a,存在年有效剂量超标风险,可能对人体造成损伤,需要在开展工作和军事活动过程中采取防护措施,以确保安全。     

在水平荷载作用下不规则建筑结构的弹塑性反应综述

建筑结构在强震作用下的变形通常进入非弹性阶段,特别是不规则建筑结构,由于平动与扭转耦合效应使之在强震作用下的弹塑性更为复杂。因此,这方面的研究还存在相当大的难度,当前并没有形成较为一致的结论。本文着重探讨了建模、刚度偏心、质量偏心和强度偏心等因素对不规则建筑结构弹塑性反应的影响,对不规则建筑结构的弹塑性反应做了简要评述,指出文献中存在分歧和矛盾的主要原因,以便为更深入地开展不规则建筑的地震反应分析做必要的准备。     

气温变化对华东居住建筑取暖和降温耗能的影响

利用华东446个气象站点1961-2007年日平均气温资料和RegCM3模式预估的2010-2039年日平均气温资料,分别以10 ℃和22 ℃作为取暖和降温度日的基础温度,采用度日法分析了气温变化对华东居住建筑取暖和降温耗能的影响。结果表明,1961-2007年间,整个华东取暖度日、取暖和降温总度日基本都呈减少趋势,且北部减少多于南部;降温度日在华东多数地区都呈增加趋势,以长江三角洲、浙江东部和福建东部沿海增加较多。2010-2039年间,整个华东取暖度日都将继续减少,且北部减少多于东南部;降温度日都将继续增加,且南部增加多于北部和沿海;取暖和降温总度日在华东北部呈减少趋势,而在南部呈增加趋势。过去47 a间,华东取暖度日的减少远超过降温度日的增加,气温变化总体上有利于居住建筑耗能的减少。未来30 a间,华东取暖和降温度日的变化幅度接近,气温变化对居住建筑耗能的正负影响基本相抵消。     

基于熵权法-CIM模型的高速公路施工临近房屋安全风险评价

为了评估高速公路施工对临近房屋的安全影响,基于房屋因素、施工技术与管理因素、房屋周边环境因素,提出了高速公路施工临近房屋安全风险评价指标体系。以某高速公路施工临近10处房屋为研究对象,采用基于熵权法-CIM模型的混合安全风险评价方法,首先计算指标权重;再以其中1处房屋为例,确定其安全风险概率,结果表明:该处房屋安全风险总体较高,基本符合工程施工中的监测结果。     

基于灰色关联度的集对分析方法在高层建筑火灾危险性评价中的应用

为了对某钢管厂高层建筑进行火灾风险评估,基于高层建筑的防火、灭火设计要求,从防火系统、灭火系统、安全疏散和消防安全管理四个方面构建了高层建筑火灾危险性指标评价体系,并运用层次分析法确定了各火灾危险性影响因子的权重。根据集对分析的联系度模型对高层建筑进行火灾危险性评估,确定其安全等级。结合灰色关联度理论对差异度与同一度、对立度两组数据进行计算比较,选取绝对关联度大的值作为差异度系数i的值,从而可以确定各组联系度的值。根据联系度最大值所属的安全等级,确定了高层建筑的火灾危险等级为一般安全,结果与实际情况相符。     

Quantification of the influence of life cycle parameters on the total environmental impact of steel-framed buildings

Due to the increased urgency with which environmental issues are currently being prioritized, business sectors such as construction, that have been identified as one of the largest consumers of raw materials and energy, are actively involved in research aiming to optimize construction processes and products in terms of environmental impact. Although researchers have pointed out various issues and aspects of a construction project’s delivery process that can significantly affect its environmental impact, the extent to which these issues can influence the total environmental impact of the project is unclear. The current research aims to investigate and eventually quantify the influence of a number of such parameters, utilizing an existing steel-framed building as the basis for the necessary calculations. The conclusions drawn illustrate the actual extent of the influence of the examined life cycle parameters, while also offering specific insight in regard to the determination of criteria that can be used as the basis for recommendations for similar projects.     

Potential for rainwater use in high-rise buildings in Australian cities

Rainwater is a traditional but underutilized water resource that has today had a resurgence due to the worldwide water crisis. This paper demonstrates the outcomes of research on the feasibility of rainwater use in high-rise residential envelopes for four Australian cities of Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Darwin. Different climate patterns and various levels of water demand management were established for determination of storage dimensions; annual tank water use; reduction in both imported water flow and stormwater disposal; and water spillage from tanks. High level water demand management was a profoundly effective tool for reducing potable water supply, especially in combination with rainwater use. The economic feasibility of rainwater use systems were estimated; with Sydney having the shortest payback period compared to other cities either both with 3A rated appliances (8.6 years) or 5A ones installed (10.4 years). That was due to the higher and more consistent rainfall in Sydney. An outcome of this study was that Sydney was likely most suited to rainwater use, followed by Perth, Darwin, and then Melbourne. The objective of this study was to fill in the gap in estimating feasibility of rainwater use in various Australian cities. This investigation endeavors to provide assistance to water authorities and urban planners of Australian cities with the consideration of the potential of rainwater harvesting.     

高层建筑火灾风险的二级可变模糊评价

随着国民经济的迅速发展,结构复杂、人员密集的高层建筑正在逐渐增多,由于其特殊的结构形式,高层建筑火灾的性质与一般建筑火灾不同,因此,高层建筑的火灾风险评价方法是火灾安全学中的一个热门研究方向。本文以可变模糊集理论为基础,建立了一种新的高层建筑火灾风险评价模型—二级可变模糊评价模型。以某高层建筑火灾安全评价为例,运用二级可变模糊评价模型进行风险等级计算,并与其他评价方法的评价结果进行了比较分析。最后,通过变动权值,对该建筑的火灾风险等级进行了重新评价,结果表明,本文建立的模型有效,且评价结果对指标的权值依赖较小。该模型考虑了隶属度的相对性,使评价结果更为可靠,具有普遍适用性。     

A model of fishing vessel accident probability

Problem: Commercial fishing is one of the least safe occupations. Method: The researchers develop a fishing vessel accident probability model for fishing areas off the northeastern United States using logit regression and daily data from 1981 to 1993. Results: The results indicate that fishing vessel accident probability declined over the study period. Higher wind speed is associated with greater accident probability. Medium-size vessels have the highest accident probability, while small vessels have the lowest. Within the study region, accident probability is lower in the southwestern section than in the northeastern section. Accidents are likely to occur closer to shore than offshore. Accident probability is lowest in spring. Impact on Industry: The probability model is an important building block in development and quantitative assessment of management mechanisms related to safety in the commercial fishing industry.