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223.
Stephen R. Kessell 《Environmental management》1979,3(1):29-40
The application of vegetation information to resource management problems is reviewed in four areas: (1) the stratification of vegetation data by classification and gradient analysis, (2) the storage and retrieval of these data, (3) the sources of vegetation information, and (4) the accuracy and resolution requirements posed by different management applications. Conclusions indicate that the successful application of inference methods to resource management problems requires an appropriate integration of these four components. 相似文献
224.
The problem of scale in community resource management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jefferson Fox 《Environmental management》1992,16(3):289-297
Scale is a fundamental variable in most community resource management programs. This is true both in terms of scale as a management
concept (i.e., local, regional, and national level management) as well as a mapping concept (i.e., units on the map per unit
on the ground). Julian Steward, the father of human ecology, recognized as early as 1950 that social scientists have failed
to develop methods for incorporating the effect of scale in their work. This article seeks to determine whether methods used
in plant and animal ecology for assessing the effects of scale are applicable to community resource management. The article
reviews hierarchy theory and multiple scales, two methods (one theoretical and the other practical) for dealing with problems
that span many scales. The application of these methods to community resource management programs is examined by way of an
example. 相似文献
225.
The potential health risks of airborne bacteria emission from a wastewater treatment process have been concerned. However, few studies have investigated the differences in community structure between indoor and outdoor bacteria. In this work, the characterization of airborne bacteria was studied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Two indoor (i.e., fine screen room and sludge dewatering house) and two outdoor (i.e., aeration tank and control site) sampling sites were selected. An Andersen six-stage impactor was used for collecting culturable airborne bacteria in the air, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted to track the emission source of the culturable airborne bacteria. The results indicate that, compared with the outdoor aeration tank site, the concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria in the indoor fine screen room with poor ventilation were more than ten times higher and the particle size was about twice as large. The community structures of indoor and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria were obviously different. Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were detected in indoor culturable airborne bacteria, with wastewater and sludge dewatering machine identified as the primary sources. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were not detected in outdoor culturable airborne bacteria. Outdoor high wind speed might have resulted in rapid dilution and mixing of culturable airborne bacteria generated from the aeration tank with the ambient air. The results of the present research suggest that covering pollution sources, increasing ventilation rates, and using protective measures for personnel should be implemented to decrease the exposure risk to indoor culturable airborne bacteria. 相似文献
226.
Community Renewable Energy (CRE) has been defying conventional energy systems for decades, though only recently it started to feature in academic and institutional discourses. Despite its new appeal, the literature on the impacts and factors influencing CRE projects is still scarce and builds mostly on studies in Europe and North America. In developing countries, where electricity access is low and energy poverty is prevalent, CRE can offer interesting opportunities for rural electrification and added benefits. The objective of this study is to assess the impacts of community-owned renewable energy projects and identify the internal and external drivers and barriers to their success. An exploratory case-study approach was used for collecting data, through interviews and observations, in two community micro-hydro projects in Indonesia. The results showed positive socio-economic impacts that exceed electrification benefits, and the reported success of community energy projects can be traced back to a combination of community-level as well as external factors. Yet, particularly important is the role of the intermediary organisation (Ibeka) in building communities’ ownership, enhancing (technical, entrepreneurial and managerial) capacities, transferring knowledge and technology, establishing innovative financing models and shaping policy. Such organisations are critical in bridging external and internal factors and thus represent a key element in integrating the proposed analytical frameworks. 相似文献
227.
四川中东部地区2009年大气硫沉降模拟 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
采用第三代公共多尺度空气质量模型Models-3/CMAQ,对四川中东部地区2009年1月、4月、7月和10月SO2排放所产生的硫沉降分布进行数值模拟研究,并且将该模型输出的ρ(SO2)、SO42-湿沉降量分别与地面层的ρ(SO2)、降水中SO42-湿沉降量实测值进行相关分析,探讨硫沉降的季节、区域分布特征及湿沉降变化. 结果表明:ρ(SO2)模拟值与实测值的R(相关系数)为0.445,SO42-湿沉降量模拟值与实测值的R为0.510;四川中东部地区夏季硫沉降量为2.2×104 t,高于其他三季,冬季最小,为1.0×104 t;硫沉降呈三大片区分布,宜宾、乐山、泸州为高值分布区,资阳、遂宁、南充、广安和达州均属于硫沉降低值区,成都、德阳、绵阳片区属硫沉降次高值区;干沉降中SO2沉降量在各季所占比例均在85%以上,湿沉降中各季SO42-沉降量所占比例均在99%以上. 相似文献
228.
229.
Increased attention has recently been given to the possible role of financial services in the management of natural disaster risk. Local communities have been at the forefront of developing innovative disaster risk finance strategies and implementing risk-oriented incentive programs. In view of increasing risks, including the impacts of climate change, such programs will become more important. This paper examines four models and some recent experiences in using financial services at the community level. The paper offers an overview of advantages and limitations of each model to manage disaster risk in communities. Examples include a federal government initiated scheme of social protection funds, a local government risk reduction scheme, an insurance product provided by a non-governmental organization, and a micro-insurance scheme. Finally, the paper offers some directions about specific ways that the public and private sectors, in collaboration with other partners can improve finance alternatives for disaster management at the community level. It appears that a range of follow-up studies and further dialogue is needed, in order to expand the knowledge on what types of risk finance models can help manage and reduce the financial impacts of natural disasters. 相似文献
230.
Gwang Il Jang Chung Yeon Hwang Byung Cheol Cho 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2018,12(2):12
Wet deposition scavenges particles and particle-associated bacteria from the air column, but the impact of raindrops on various surfaces on Earth causes emission of surface-associated bacteria into the air column. Thus, after rainfall, these two mechanisms are expected to cause changes in airborne bacterial community composition (BCC). In this study, aerosol samples were collected at a suburban site in Seoul, Korea before and after three heavy rainfall events in April, May, and July 2011. BCC was investigated by pyrosequencing the 16S rRNA gene in aerosol samples. Interestingly, the relative abundance of non-spore forming Actinobacteria operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was always higher in post-rain aerosol samples. In particular, the absolute and relative abundances of airborne Propionibacteriaceae always increased after rainfall, whereas those of airborne Firmicutes, including Carnobacteriaceae and Clostridiales, consistently decreased. Marine bacterial sequences, which were temporally important in aerosol samples, also decreased after rainfall events. Further, increases in pathogen-like sequences were often observed in post-rain air samples. Rainfall events seemed to affect airborne BCCs by the combined action of the two mechanisms, with potentially adverse effects on human and plant health.
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