A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

成都市典型溶剂源使用行业VOCs排放成分特征

对成都市5类典型溶剂使用行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行采样监测,测定了其主要组成成分,得出了各行业的VOCs本地化排放系数.结果表明:芳香烃和含氧VOCs是主要成分,不同行业的特征VOCs组分各有不同;大气化学反应活性较大的物种大部分为芳香烃,其中对/间二甲苯的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)值约为141.88 mg·m~(-3),甲苯的OFP值约为90.90 mg·m~(-3),二者占总OFP的53%;家具制造行业的VOCs排放系数为0.61 kg·件~(-1),汽车喷涂行业VOCs排放系数为3.1 kg·辆~(-1),制鞋行业VOCs排放系数为4.04 g·双~(-1),印刷行业VOCs排放系数为34.7g·kg~(-1)油墨,人造板生产行业VOCs排放系数为3.67 g·m~(-3)人造板.     

合肥科学岛低对流层二氧化碳时空分布特征

依据合肥市科学岛2013~2016年的CO₂体积比浓度廓线,分别从夜间、季节和年度分析了亚热带季风气候的CO₂分布特点和合肥科学岛的CO₂源汇特征.（1）大气CO₂体积比浓度随高度增加而减小,390m的CO₂浓度约为15m浓度的95%,夜间随时间推移浓度增加幅度约5%,天亮时CO₂浓度有减小的趋势;（2）测量点高度大于100m时,季节特征较明显,CO₂体积比浓度夏季最低,冬季最高,浓度相差约10×10^-6;（3）测量点高度大于100m时,2013~2016年CO₂体积比浓度的年分布随高度变化的梯度相关系数大于0.9,体积比浓度年增长约2.1648×10^-6.通过三个时间尺度的CO₂体积比浓度廓线分析得出,CO₂浓度特征是动植物活动和大气运动等共同作用的结果;CO₂长期循环过程中,存在近地面CO₂向高空的传输效应.     

纳米乳化油强化硝酸盐反硝化产气变化研究

为探究纳米乳化油原位修复硝酸盐污染地下水过程中产气对含水介质渗透性的影响,以硝酸盐为目标污染物,采用活性污泥滤液接种,分别以纳米乳化油、吐温80和司盘80为碳源开展硝酸盐降解批实验研究,探讨和评估硝酸盐降解及降解过程中的产气情况.结果显示,纳米乳化油、吐温80和司盘80均能促进硝氮的降解,在实验的100d内,共完成7个周期硝酸盐氮的有效去除,总去除率分别为79.5%、63.8%和68.8%.在硝酸盐氮降解过程中,受厌氧发酵和反硝化作用的影响,各反应体系中均有气体生成,只有活性污泥反应体系中主要产气成分是CO₂,未加碳源和分别加3种碳源的4个反应体系（都添加活性污泥和硝酸盐）中主要产气成分是CO₂、N₂.其中,添加纳米乳化油的反应体系U型管产气量最大,为47.73mL;受碳源厌氧发酵的影响,添加司盘80反应体系总产气量最大,为205.34mL.纳米乳化油反应体系次之,吐温80反应体系最小.根据三氮的变化,结合纳米乳化油反应体系理论与实际产气对比显示,在纳米乳化油强化硝酸盐反硝化过程中,18.8%纳米乳化油厌氧发酵产生CO₂,95.4%硝氮反硝化生成N₂.     

High-resolution modeling and evaluation of ozone air quality of Osaka using an MM5-CMAQ system

High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality.This is especially true for highly urbanized region with complex terrain and land-use.This study uses Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with MM5 mesoscale model for a comprehensive analysis to assess the suitability of such high-resolution modeling system in predicting ozone air quality in the complex terrains of Osaka,Japan.The 1-km and 3-km grid domains were nested inside a 9-km domain and the domain with 1-km grid covered the Osaka region.High-resolution Grid Point Value-Mesoscale Model μgPV-MSM) data were used after suitable validation.The simulated ozone concentrations were validated and evaluated using statistical metrics using performance criteria set for ozone.Daily maxima of ozone were found better simulated by the 1-km grid domain than the coarser 9-km and 3-km domains,with the maximum improvement in the mean absolute gross error about 3 ppbv.In addition,1-km grid results fared better than other grids at most of the observation stations that showed noticeable differences in gross error as well as correlation.These results amply justify the use of the integrated high-resolution MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the highly urbanized region,such as the Osaka region,which has complex terrain and land-use.     

Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.     

High-resolution modeling and evaluation of ozone air quality of Osaka using MM5-CMAQ system

High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality. This is especially true for highly urbanized region with complex terrain and land-use. This study uses Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with MM5 mesoscale model for a comprehensive analysis to assess the suitability of such high-resolution modeling system in predicting ozone air quality in the complex terrains of Osaka, Japan. The 1-km and 3-km grid domains were nested inside a 9-km domain and the domain with 1-km grid covered the Osaka region. High-resolution Grid Point Value-Mesoscale Model (GPV-MSM) data were used after suitable validation. The simulated ozone concentrations were validated and evaluated using statistical metrics using performance criteria set for ozone. Daily maxima of ozone were found better simulated by the 1-km grid domain than the coarser 9-km and 3-km domains, with the maximum improvement in the mean absolute gross error about 3 ppbv. In addition, 1-km grid results fared better than other grids at most of the observation stations that showed noticeable di erences in gross error as well as correlation. These results amply justify the use of the integrated high-resolution MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the highly urbanized region, such as the Osaka region, which has complex terrain and land-use.     

上海市街道灰尘中PBDEs的含量水平、来源及组成特性

以上海市为研究区域,对16个监测点的街道灰尘中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量水平、来源和组成特性进行研究。于2013年11月份采集16个街道灰尘样品,对其进行索氏提取和层析净化等前处理后采用GC-MS对12种待测PBDEs目标化合物进行定量定性检测分析。结果表明:12种PBDEs化合物全部被检出,16个采集点采集的街道灰尘中PBDEs质量比在12.046~82.835 ng/g,平均质量比为38.428 ng/g,不但高于苏州、无锡、南通等地的街道灰尘样本,而且远高于上海市土壤中PBDEs质量比;通过层次聚类分析得出上海市中心城区的PBDEs污染来源基本相同,主要为含有PBDEs产品在使用过程中PBDEs的释放,各郊区PBDEs污染物来源则各不相同,主要为各郊区工业区生产过程中PBDEs的释放;主要污染物有BED-47和BDE-49;监测点街道灰尘中PBDEs的质量比分布差别较大,各个监测点PBDEs的污染还处于不断变化中。     

辽河流域生态景观结构变化及驱动力研究

对辽河流域景观结构进行分析的结果表明,2000年-2010年间,辽河流域自然景观类型面积变化不明显,结构稳定;而人工景观变化明显,居民区、交通用地等人工表面持续增加,农田面积持续减少,景观破碎化趋势明显.生态环境保护政策的实施使林地、草地、湿地等自然景观得到保护,为流域生态系统的演替提供了正向干扰;工业化进程和人口增长作为流域景观变化的主要驱动力,是人工表面增加和农田面积减少及破碎化的直接原因.     

大亚湾大中型浮游动物的时空变化及其影响因素

根据2006年7月至2007年l1月在大亚湾四个季节的浮游动物调查资料,分析了大亚湾浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、群落结构、丰度和生物量的时空变化以及环境对其影响.经鉴定共有终生浮游动物105种和阶段性浮游幼虫17个类群.与以往调查资料相比,部分优势种的优势程度顺序发生了改变.由于受到季风、环流和人类活动等的影响,大亚湾...