Spatiotemporal trends of PM2.5 and its major chemical components at urban sites in Canada

To evaluate the effectiveness of emission control regulations designed for reducing air pollution, chemically resolved PM_2.5 data have been collected across Canada through the National Air Pollution Surveillance network in the past decade. 24-hr time integrated PM_2.5 collected at seven urban and two rural sites during 2010-2016 were analyzed to characterize geographical and seasonal patterns and associated potential causes. Site-specific seven-year mean gravimetric PM_2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 5.7 to 9.6 µg/m³. Seven-year mean concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were in the range of 0.68 to 1.6, 0.21 to 1.5, 0.27 to 0.71, 1.1 to 1.9, and 0.37 to 0.71 µg /m³, accounting for 10.8%-18.1%, 3.7%-16.7%, 4.7%-7.4%, 18.4%-21.0%, and 6.4%-10.6%, respectively, of gravimetric PM_2.5 mass. PM_2.5 and its five major chemical components showed higher concentrations in southeastern Canada and lower values in Atlantic Canada, with the seven-year mean ratios between the two regions being on the order of 1.7 for PM_2.5 and 1.8-7.1 for its chemical components. When comparing the concentrations between urban and rural sites within the same region, those of SO₄^2? and NH₄⁺ were comparable, while those of NO₃^?, OC, and EC were around 20%, 40%-50%, and 70%-80%, respectively, higher at urban than rural sites, indicating the regional scale impacts of SO₄^2? and NH₄⁺ and effects of local sources on OC and EC. Monthly variations generally showed summertime peaks for SO₄^2? and wintertime peaks for NO₃^?, but those of NH₄⁺, OC, and EC exhibited different seasonality at different locations.     

北京城市河流河水和沉积物中微塑料的组成与分布

微塑料已经被证实广泛存在于自然环境中,对生物和人类造成潜在危害,进行微塑料的赋存调研有助于了解城市河流河水和沉积物中微塑料的污染现状.以北京市北运河和怀河作为研究区域,共布设了8个水样点位和3个沉积物点位,研究并对比了北运河河水和沉积物以及怀河河水中微塑料丰度、粒径、颜色、形状和种类的组成与分布特征.结果表明,北运河河水中的微塑料丰度为(1 941±201)～(8 155±1 781) n·m^-3(n表示微塑料个数),平均丰度为4 160 n·m^-3;北运河沉积物中的微塑料丰度为(120±11)～(268±31) n·kg^-1.怀河河水中的微塑料污染程度低于北运河河水,微塑料的平均丰度为2 357n·m^-3.北运河上游河水和沉积物中微塑料的丰度高于下游,具有较明显的空间分布特征;怀河河水中的微塑料分布总体上无明显差异,但相距较远的两点位中微塑料的丰度之间具有显著差异.粒径、颜色和形状的分类统计结果显示,所有点位中微塑料的主要粒径区间为<300μm;白色/透明微塑料(50.75%～83.91%)...     

我国不同矿物气溶胶源区物质的物理化学特征

在我国不同的矿物气溶胶源区进行采样分析的结果表明,源区气溶胶物质的物理化学特性相差很大.黄土的颗粒最细,91%的黄土颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶进行长距离输送;沙土较粗,只有15%的沙尘颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶;2个煤灰样品的粒径差异较大,抚顺煤灰中＜74μm的颗粒高达39%,而呼和浩特煤灰只有7%.不同粒径颗粒的化学分析结果表明,微量元素在细颗粒上有较高的富集.黄土与沙漠土壤的细颗粒的化学性质十分相似,同煤灰的化学性质完全不同,其常量元素与A1的比值(E/Al)十分接近,而且与深海沉积物粘土中的比值(E/A1)     

Tropic attributes of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) in the mangrove swamps of Imo River estuary, Nigeria

Aspects of the trophic attributes of the mudskipper,Periophthalmus barbarus occurring in the mangrove swamps of ImoRiver estuary, Nigeria, were investigated during a 12-month period(April, 1992-March, 1993). Feeding intensity increased with size;it was higher in the dry season (November-April) than in the wetseason (May-October); monthly changes in the indices of feedingintensity were significantly correlated. Major food objectscomprised detritus and benthic algae; crustaceans, insects,macrophyte matter and sand grains were minor food objects whilefish, molluscs, Chilopoda, nematodes and fungi were unconsciouslydevoured objects. Diet varied seasonally; algae and sesarmid crabswere generally more in the dry season than during the rains whereasFPOM and fish increased in the wet over dry season. The mudskipperdisplay a high degree of euryphagy and can be considered as ageneralist and an omnivore. The lower trophic status of P. barbarusqualifies it as a good aquaculture candidate. Food richness washigher in big-sized class (BSC) than small-sized class (SSC).Size-based and seasonal variations were not apparent in foodrichness. Diet breadth was higher in the BSC than the SSC; therewas dry season increase in diet breadth.     

四方山、达尔滨湖自然保护区植被及植物区系组成

本文论述了四方山、达尔滨湖自然保护区植被生态条件、植被类型、植物类群组成、生活型组成、水分生态类型及区系地理成分等调查成果。     

华南地区酸沉降的硫同位素组成及其环境意义

为探讨华南珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊及其周边地区的酸沉降硫源,分别对大气降水、大气SO₂、气溶胶和工业用煤、重油及其燃烧产物进行了硫同位素组成测定.研究结果表明,珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊地区的大气降水硫同位素组成有明显的差异,其大气降水δ³⁴S值的变化范围分别为1.9‰～10.3‰和-4.8‰～-0.1‰.湘桂走廊地区大气降水明显的富集轻硫同位素(32S),而珠江三角洲地区则富集重硫同位素(34S).在煤、重油燃烧过程中硫同位素分馏效应研究基础上,将该地区酸雨硫源区分为4种类型,即人为成因硫、天然生物硫、海雾硫和远距离传输硫.在定量计算不同硫源对酸雨贡献的基础上.提出人为成因硫是珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊地区最强的污染硫源,而生物硫在夏季贡献突出,其贡献率分别为47%和52%.传输硫在冬季贡献率可达49%.上述结果,对研究治理华南地区的酸雨具有重要意义.     

基于物质流分析的建筑垃圾产生量预测

针对建筑垃圾产生量激增但其统计数据缺失问题,基于1stOpt拟合平台和Visual Basic编程软件,构建城镇住宅和非住宅建筑垃圾产生量动态预测模型,定量模拟不同建筑寿命情景下建筑垃圾产生量及其组分的变化趋势。结果表明:我国城镇住宅建筑和非住宅建筑存量面积分别在2058年和2064年达到峰值(657.35亿和569.41亿m²)。在短、中、长建筑寿命情景下,住宅和非住宅建筑的新建面积均在21世纪20年代达到峰值,拆除面积峰值将在21世纪下半叶实现。在短、中、长寿命3种情景下,我国城镇住宅建筑垃圾总产量分别于2072年、2081年和2100年达到峰值(28.69亿、21.71亿和16.50亿t);非住宅建筑垃圾总产量分别于2077年、2084年和2100年达到峰值(26.25亿、20.29亿、15.48亿t)。2000年之前,建筑垃圾主要成分为施工垃圾,2000年之后,以拆除垃圾为主,至2100年拆除垃圾占比达98%。其中,混凝土、砖块、钢铁分别占44%~71%、22%~51%、0.50%~2.89%,其他成分占2.76%~4.68%。综合考虑建筑流量发展趋势和建筑垃圾产生特征,政府部门应宏观调控减缓人均建筑面积增长速度,延长建筑使用寿命,提高建筑垃圾循环利用率和二次建材原料的市场消纳量,从而减少建筑垃圾产生量,降低建筑垃圾对生态环境的破坏。     

华南某市生活垃圾组成特征分析

依据城市生活垃圾采样分析方法对华南某市20个街镇生活垃圾的物理性质和物理组成进行历时一年的研究.结果表明,研究区域垃圾平均容重为0.22×103kg·m-3,垃圾三组分(水分、灰分和可燃物)所占比例分别为55.0%~66.9%、18.6%~30.3%、69.7%~81.4%,有机质含量比例为50.1%~58.0%,各研究区镇垃圾热值范围为6 570~9 652 k J·kg-1,平均热值为8 272 k J·kg-1,高于世界银行推荐的垃圾焚烧所需最低热值(7 000 k J·kg-1).其它物理组分所占比例分别如下:厨余类为39.8%~53.3%,橡塑类为16.5%~33.4%,纸类为5.61%~7.95%,纺织类为1.14%~5.16%,竹类为2.49%~5.12%,玻璃类为1.10%~1.47%,混合类5.86%~7.57%,灰土类2.46%~6.73%,金属0.1%~0.32%,陶瓷0.4%~0.69%.相关分析和主成分分析结果表明纺织类、橡塑类、纸类、可燃物比重对焚烧有促进作用,厨余类、玻璃类、容重、灰分、含水率、灰土等则对焚烧有一定的负影响.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contaminationwas the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.