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361.
The measurement of place attachment: Personal,community, and environmental connections 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Place attachment has been researched extensively in the social and behavioural sciences over the past two decades. However, it is challenging for researchers to assimilate the mixed messages presented in the place attachment literature and to understand the multiple place attachment terms. In this study, a four-dimensional model of rural landholder attachments to their natural resource management region was conceptually and empirically developed with the aim of developing an integrated approach to the measurement of place attachment that clearly distinguishes between different elements of place scholarship. A 29-item place attachment scale with the dimensions of place identity, place dependence, nature bonding, and social bonding was tested on a random sample of rural landholders in the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia (N = 320). The majority of respondents were male (69.3%) and the average age was 59 years. The scale was reduced to 20-items and then administered simultaneously and in the same response format to rural landholders in two other areas of South Australia: the Northern and Yorke region (N = 664) and South Australian Murray-Darling Basin region (N = 659). In both studies, the majority of respondents were male (85%) and the average age was 55 years. Exploratory factor and reliability analyses of Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges and Northern and Yorke datasets produced a five-dimensional model of place attachment with high reliabilities. Social bonding divided into the constructs of family bonding and friend bonding. The refined five-dimensional model was then examined for convergent validity, with moderate but significant correlations found between individual attachment constructs and dependent variables expected to be related to the construct, such as place identity and length of residence, and nature bonding and time currently spent in nature. We used confirmatory factor analysis to test the goodness-of-fit of the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin (SAMDB) dataset to the proposed five-dimensional model and then compared its fit to the traditional two-dimensional model of place identity and place dependence. The five-dimensional model provided moderate fit for the SAMDB data. We conclude with a discussion of the validity and reliability of the five-dimensional model and its future role in place attachment research. 相似文献
362.
Emma M. Wilkie Anthony C. Roach Brendan P. Kelaher 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1261-1269
Benthic invertebrates can uptake metals through diffusion of free ion solutes, or ingestion of sediment-bound forms. This study investigated the efficacy of the metal chelating resin SIR 300™ in adsorbing porewater metals and isolating pathways of metal exposure. A field experiment (Botany Bay, Sydney, Australia) and a laboratory toxicity test each manipulated the availability of porewater metals within contaminated and uncontaminated sediments. It was predicted that within contaminated sediments, the resin would adsorb porewater metals and reduce toxicity to invertebrates, but in uncontaminated sediments, the resin would not significantly affect these variables. Whereas in the laboratory, the resin produced the predicted results, in the field the resin increased porewater metal concentrations of contaminated sediments for at least 34 days and decreased abundances of four macroinvertebrate groups, and richness in all sediments. These contrasting findings highlight the limits of extrapolating the results of laboratory experiments to the field environment. 相似文献
363.
The influence of ionic composition on the water chemistry and thereby on aquatic flora was investigated. Two major wetlands
of North India were taken for the study. Quality parameters of the lakes showed the enrichment of the water especially in
the month of September with higher values of P and BOD in almost all of the lakes viz., LSJ, LCH, LSN, and LHT as <5.0, 9.0,
1.0, 1.7 and <7.3, 6.0, 6.3, and 4.0, respectively. Statistically correlated values of the ions in the water quality showed
an effect of one on another. An attempt has also been made to investigate if ionic constituent is one of the major causes
affecting the aquatic floral diversity. 相似文献
364.
Many “natural” areas are exposed to military or recreational off-road vehicles. The interactive effects of different types
of vehicular disturbance on vegetation have rarely been examined, and it has been proposed that some vegetation types are
less susceptible to vehicular disturbance than others. At Fort Riley, Kansas, we experimentally tested how different plant
community types changed after disturbance from an M1A1 Abrams tank driven at different speeds and turning angles during different
seasons. The greatest vegetation change was observed because of driving in the spring in wet soils and the interaction of
turning while driving fast (vegetation change was measured with Bray-Curtis dissimilarity). We found that less vegetation
change occurred in communities with high amounts of native prairie vegetation than in communities with high amounts of introduced
C3 grasses, which is the first experimental evidence we are aware of that suggests plant communities dominated by introduced
C3 grasses changed more because of vehicular disturbance than communities dominated by native prairie grasses. We also found
that vegetation changed linearly with vehicular disturbance intensity, suggesting that at least initially there was no catastrophic
shift in vegetation beyond a certain disturbance intensity threshold. Overall, the intensity of vehicular disturbance appeared
to play the greatest role in vegetation change, but the plant community type also played a strong role and this should be
considered in land use planning. The reasons for greater vegetation change in introduced C3 grass dominated areas deserve further study. 相似文献
365.
Adamo P Bargagli R Giordano S Modenesi P Monaci F Pittao E Spagnuolo V Tretiach M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(1):11-19
To enhance the reliability of the moss and lichen transplant technique for active biomonitoring of trace metals in urban environments, we evaluated the natural variability in the chemical composition of the (epilithic and epiphytic) moss Hypnum cupressiforme and the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea from two reference areas in NE Italy. Green shoots of epilithic mosses and lobes of epiphytic lichens from larch branches showed rather homogenous composition and were selected for the exposure in nylon bags. As different physico-chemical pre-treatments are usually applied to selected cryptogamic material before its exposure, we also evaluated the effects of oven-drying at 120 degrees C for 24h, washing in 1N HNO3 solution, and in 0.5% NH4 oxalate solution at 85 degrees C for 15 h on the chemical composition and morphology of water-washed moss shoots and lichen lobes. Pre-treatments remarkably changed the chemical composition of selected materials but not their surface morphology. 相似文献
366.
367.
YAEL MANDELIK†‡ TAMAR DAYAN VLADIMIR CHIKATUNOV VASILIY KRAVCHENKO 《Conservation biology》2007,21(6):1506-1515
Abstract: A promising shortcut for quantifying species patterns is to use genera and families as surrogates of species. At large spatial scales, concurrence between patterns of richness, rarity, and composition of species and higher taxa is generally high. Only a few researchers, however, have examined this relationship at the local scale, which is frequently the relevant scale in land-use conflicts. We investigated the reliability of the higher-taxon approach in assessing patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition at the local scale. We studied diversity patterns of three commonly used surrogate taxa: vascular plants, ground-dwelling beetles, and moths. We conducted year-round field surveys for these taxa in the Jerusalem Mountains and the Judean foothills, Israel. Richness and composition of species were highly correlated with richness and composition of genera for all taxa. At the family level, correlations with richness and composition of species were much lower. Excluding monotypic genera and families did not affect these relations. Rarity representation based on higher taxa varied considerably depending on the taxon, and rarity scale and was weaker compared with richness and composition representation. Cumulative richness curves of species and genera showed similar patterns, leveling off at equivalent sampling efforts. Genus-level assessments were a reliable surrogate for local patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition, but family-level assessments performed poorly. The advantage of using coarse taxonomic scales in local diversity surveys is that it may decrease identification time and the need for experts, but it will not reduce sampling effort. 相似文献
368.
The small-rodent populations of five collective gardens have been studied. The example of one of the populations has been used to monitor the annual cycle of population size. The species composition and animal number depends on the biotope, climatic conditions, and the anthropogenic load. The ratios between species in the gardens and neighboring biotopes differ from each other, with different species being dominant. It is assumed that small mammals use garden plots as refugia. 相似文献
369.
370.
Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents a qualitative assessment of the participatory water management strategies implemented at the community level in rural Mali through a water supply project — The West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI) — coordinated by World Vision International, a non‐governmental and humanitarian organization. Data for the study were generated through a combination of primary and secondary sources in three villages. Results of the study indicate that while community‐based rural water supply is a positive step in responding to the needs of rural Malians, the installation of boreholes with hand pumps informed merely by consultative participatory approaches and limited extension involvement will not necessarily proffer sustainable rural water supply in the region. A “platform” approach to rural water supply management that can mobilize the assets and insights of different social actors to influence decision making at all stages, including the design and choice‐of‐technology stages, in water supply interventions is instead advocated. 相似文献