Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles

Atmospheric nanoparticles are crucial components contributing to fine particulate matter(PM2.5), and therefore have significant effects on visibility, climate, and human health. Due to the unique role of atmospheric nanoparticles during the evolution process from gas-phase molecules to larger particles, a number of sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed and employed for online monitoring and characterization of the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric nanoparticles,...     

Biodegradation of 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate in river sediments and its impact on microbial communities

Numerous studies have evaluated the toxicity and endocrine disrupting properties of organic UV filters for aquatic organisms, but little is known about their biodegradation in river sediments and their impact on microorganisms. We have set up the sterile and microbiological systems in the laboratory, adding 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), one of organic UV filters included in the list of high yield chemicals, at concentrations of 2, 20 and 200 μg/L, and characterized the microbial community composition and diversity in sediments. Monitoring of EHMC degradation within 30 days revealed that the half-life in the microbial system (3.49 days) was much shorter than that in the sterile system (7.55 days). Two potential degradation products, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 3-methoxyphenol were identified in the microbial system. Furthermore, high-throughput 16s and 18s rRNA gene sequencing showed that Proteobacteria dominated the sediment bacterial assemblages followed by Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae; Eukaryota_uncultured fungus dominated the sediment fungal assemblages. Correlation analysis demonstrated that two bacterium genera (Anaerolineaceae_uncultured and Burkholderiaceae_uncultured) were significantly correlated with the biodegradation of EHMC. These results illustrate the biodegradability of EHMC in river sediments and its potential impact on microbial communities, which can provide useful information for eliminating the pollution of organic UV filters in natural river systems and assessing their potential ecological risks.     

食用植物油加工VOCs排放特征

获取了菜籽和大豆植物油加工行业VOCs排放系数、成分谱和臭氧生成贡献,并对其全国VOCs排放量进行了计算.结果表明,菜籽油加工过程VOCs排放系数为1.20kg/t菜籽用量和6.32kg/t菜籽油产量,大豆油加工过程VOCs排放系数为0.36kg/t大豆用量和2.35kg/t大豆油产量.菜籽油和大豆油加工排放的VOCs主要来自于有机溶剂挥发.VOCs排放占比最大的物种是正己烷,其次是甲基戊烷（包括3-甲基戊烷和2-甲基戊烷）,再次是甲基环戊烷.植物油加工行业OFP为931.47μg/m³,其中,烷烃贡献最大,占比为61.90%;其次是烯烃和OVOCs,占比分别为19.61%和15.14%,.2019年中国大豆和油菜籽植物油加工VOCs排放量为5.12万t,大豆和油菜籽植物油分别贡献65.4%和34.6%,山东、湖北、江苏、广东、河南、广西、天津、河北、湖南、福建是贡献最大的10个省份,合计占比72.0%.     

土壤团聚体制备方法对其稳定性及固碳潜力评价的影响研究

为探讨不同土壤团聚体制备方法对评价城市土壤固碳潜力的影响,本研究采集北京市两种典型的不同利用类型土壤—城市绿地土壤和城郊农田土壤,分别采用干筛法和湿筛法制备土壤团聚体,对其团聚体组成、有机碳含量以及稳定碳同位素特征进行了解析.结果表明:干筛法制备的机械稳定性团聚体均以>0.25mm的大团聚体为主(城市绿地土壤:69.80%;农田土壤:71.36%);而湿筛法制备的水稳性团聚体均以<0.25mm微团聚体为主(城市绿地土壤:57.70%;农田土壤:52.14%).红外光谱解析发现,不同制备方法下,两类土壤中微团聚体中均是稳定有机碳比活性有机碳相对含量高;北京城郊农田土壤中稳定芳香碳的相对含量较多,而脂肪碳相对含量较少;城市绿地土壤则具有相反特征,说明城市绿地土壤中有机碳具有更高活性易在一定条件下被释放.结合稳定碳同位素比值解析发现,湿筛制备方法下¹³C在<0.053mm团聚体颗粒组中富集,更符合土壤团聚体胚胎发育模型,说明在土壤固碳潜力研究中,湿筛法比干筛法制备团聚体更具有实际评价价值,本研究为进一步评价我国城市土壤的固碳潜力具有参考意义.     

Chemical composition of different size ultrafine particulate matter measured by nanoparticle chemical ionization mass spectrometer

New particle formation (NPF) is the primary source of nanoparticles and contributes a large number of concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei. In recent years, field campaigns and laboratory experiments have been conducted to promote cognition of the mechanism for NPF and its following growth processes. The chemical composition measurement of nanoparticles could help deepen understanding of the initial step of particulate matter formation. In this work, we developed a nanoparticle chemical ionization mass spectrometer to measure nanoparticles' chemical compositions during their initial growth stage. Meanwhile, a non-radioactive ion source was designed for aerosol charging and chemical ionization. Time of flight mass spectrometer coupled with integrated aerosol size selection and collection module would guarantee the picogram level detection limit and high-resolution ability to measure the matrix of ambient samples. The performance of this equipment was overall evaluated, including the transmission efficiency and collection efficiency of custom-built nano differential mobility analyzer, chemical ionization efficiency, and mass resolution of the mass spectrometer. The high sensitivity measurement of ammonium sulfate and methylammonium sulfate aerosols with diameters ranging from 10 to 25 nm could guarantee the application of this instrument in the ambient measurement.     

基于渗透特性的MSW颗粒组成和结构分析

在南方某填埋场埋深5~30m范围内取6组重约5kg的试样,对其进行筛分与分拣,研究垃圾颗粒组成随埋深的变化规律,同时对不同荷载作用下的垃圾试样进行染色切片,对比分析上覆压力对垃圾内部结构的影响.结果表明：对于不同埋深的城市固体废弃物,细颗粒（0D,即粒径<2cm）所占比例最大,几乎均超过50%,粗粒中2D颗粒所占比例最高,而塑料在2D颗粒中占比最大;随着荷载的增大,细粒含量增加,大孔隙和优先流通道减小.上覆压力主要通过减少垃圾内部孔隙通道,进而减小渗透系数;2D颗粒在荷载的作用下能定向排列,使渗流路径发生曲折,进而导致渗流各向异性.2D颗粒的定向排列是垃圾渗流各向异性产生的关键因素,其中塑料又是其最重要的因素.     

Response of C and N cycles to N fertilization in Sphagnum and Molinia-dominated peat mesocosms

Plant communities play an important role in the C-sink function of peatlands. However, global change and local perturbations are expected to modify peatland plant communities, leading to a shift from Sphagnum mosses to vascular plants. Most studies have focused on the direct effects of modification in plant communities or of global change (such as climate warming, N fertilization) in peatlands without considering interactions between these disturbances that may alter peatlands' C function. We set up a mesocosm experiment to investigate how Greenhouse Gas (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) fluxes, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved N (TN) contents are affected by a shift from Sphagnum mosses to Molinia caerulea dominated peatlands combined with N fertilization. Increasing N deposition did not alter the C fluxes (CO₂ exchanges, CH₄ emissions) or DOC content. The lack of N effect on the C cycle seems due to the capacity of Sphagnum to efficiently immobilize N. Nevertheless, N supply increased the N₂O emissions, which were also controlled by the plant communities with the presence of Molinia caerulea reducing N₂O emissions in the Sphagnum mesocosms. Our study highlights the role of the vegetation composition on the C and N fluxes in peatlands and their responses to the N deposition. Future research should now consider the climate change in interaction to plants community modifications due to their controls of peatland sensitivity to environmental conditions.     

下垫面高度梯度对城市灰尘分布特性及其重金属污染的影响

下垫面高度梯度对城市颗粒污染物的地球化学循环有重要的影响,不同高度下垫面上累积的灰尘可能对城市地表径流与大气颗粒物污染有重要指示作用.本文以不同高度梯度的下垫面,如路面(0 m)、公交站台(3 m)、天桥(5 m)、楼顶(20 m)上的灰尘为研究对象,揭示高度梯度对灰尘颗粒物单位面积质量、粒径组成、重金属含量和粒径污染负荷比的影响.结果表明,随着高度梯度变化,不同下垫面上灰尘颗粒物的单位面积质量之间存在显著差异(p0.05):路面((33.0±27.1)g·m~(-2))楼顶((20.6±11.7)g·m~(-2))天桥((4.4±4.0)g·m~(-2))公交站台((2.3±1.4)g·m~(-2));高度梯度对细灰尘(粒径105μm)的质量比的影响为:公交站台(49.5%)楼顶(40.8%)路面(38.6%)天桥(37.6%);6种重金属在不同高度下垫面的含量不同,其中,Cr、Cu和Ni在公交站台含量最高,Cd和Pb在楼顶含量最高,6种金属(除Cu外)均在路面含量最低.细灰尘(105μm)所占颗粒物污染负荷比为:公交站台(67.4%)楼顶(49.6%)天桥(49.2%)路面(48.1%).临时性管控措施(限行、限产等)和常规性清扫(人工清扫和机械清扫)均能减少灰尘质量,使细灰尘质量比增加,重金属污染负荷有明显削减,但对城市管理来说,后者更经济实用.     

中国西部背景地区PM2.5化学组分特征及其对大气散射系数的影响

于2009年春、夏和秋季在全球大气本底基准监测站青海瓦里关同步观测了PM_(2.5)中主要化学成分和大气散射系数(bsp).结果显示,观测期间瓦里关PM_(2.5)浓度年均值为(12.6±12.0)μg·m~(-3),显著低于国家年均值标准.总水溶性无机离子和碳气溶胶浓度分别为(1.7±1.6)μg·m~(-3)和(3.2±1.0)μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)浓度的16.5%和25.4%.基于IMPROVE经验公式,瓦里关bsp最主要的贡献因子是有机物(OM)和土壤尘(FS),贡献率分别达到48%和28%,其它组分对bsp的贡献率均小于10%.     

邯郸市大气PM_(2.5)成分空间分布研究

为研究邯郸市2015年PM_(2.5)的污染状况,采用河北工程大学监测站全年PM_(2.5)浓度和气象在线监测数据以及4个代表月4个站点离线采样成分数据,分析了PM_(2.5)的浓度水平与气象要素的关系以及其化学组分特征。结果表明:PM_(2.5)的年均浓度为91.14μg/m~3,最高达到706.56μg/m~3;不同相对湿度条件下,PM_(2.5)浓度对邯郸地区能见度有较大影响。此外,邯郸静风频率较大,全年东南风风速较小,PM_(2.5)污染相对更加严重;PM_(2.5)中主要化学成分为SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+、OC和EC,4个站点采样无显著差异性。