典型油田区油污土壤微生物群落区域性分布研究

石油污染改变土壤微生态环境,驱动了土壤微生物群落结构的演替与进化.为了深入探究油田区油污土壤中微生物群落分布特征,揭示区域性的土壤微生物群落结构成因,采用Miseq平台的16S rDNA扩增子测序技术分析了辽河油田和大庆油田区6组共计18个土壤样品的微生物群落多样性及结构组成,并结合土壤环境因子指标剖析了群落结构成因,进而预测了具有石油代谢能力的功能菌属.结果表明,石油含量随着距井口距离增加而减少,石油的空间分布特征是影响微生物群落结构变化的关键因子,6组土壤样品的OTU分属于49门、131纲、169目、328科和564属,微生物种群多样性随着污油浓度的增加而减小;两油田共有5个相同优势菌门,2种优势菌属;辽河油田区独特优势菌门为Saccharibacteria门,优势菌属为微枝形杆菌属（Microvirga）、分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）和Defluviicoccus属;大庆油田独特优势菌门为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,独特优势菌属包括盐单胞菌属（Halomonas）、食烷菌属（Alcanivorax）和海杆菌属（Marinobacter）等.冗余分析（RDA）结果表明污油组成是微生物群落差异性分布的决定性因素,胶质的高含量与强毒性诱导辽河油田区微生物群落获得较强的胁迫抗性;同时区域生态环境背景差异也是影响微生物群落整体胁迫抗性的重要因子.结合PICRUSt分析预测,共发现2种辽河油田区和5种大庆油田区石油功能降解优势菌属,为石油降解功能菌剂的种质资源的高效开发提供目标菌株.     

污泥对水稻分蘖及产量形成影响的研究

为探讨工业废水处理后的污泥能否在农业上应用,以哈药集团制药总厂经生物处理产生的污泥为材料,研究水稻分蘖动态及产量形成.结果表明,该厂排放的污泥,有机质和速效氮、磷含量高,施入土壤后能迅速被水稻吸收利用.适量施用污泥,水稻返青加快、分蘖增多,体内叶绿素含量增高,同时水稻的产量也得到提高.污泥施用过量,会导致水稻返青率降低,后期分蘖无法控制,导致生育延迟,空秕粒率大幅度增高,产量显著下降.     

乌鲁木齐市南山雾水的化学组成及对环境影响

采用静态雾水采集器,在距新疆乌鲁木齐市58 km的南山地区白杨沟海拔1 922 m处,进行连续间隔采样,研究其化学成份、分析其成因及对南山原始植物林带的影响。结果表明南山白杨沟地区SO42-、NO3-、Cl-浓度(7171、22、265μmol/L)远高于较清洁的景洪、舟山、庐山等地的值。且五月SO42-、NO3-、Cl-浓度远高于3、4月的值,可认为南山白杨沟地区已开始受到人为污染,雾对其周围环境有害而无利。     

Mitigating flood risk and enhancing community resilience to natural disasters: plan quality matters

In response to increasingly frequent and severe flooding events, tracking the explanatory elements of integrative planning effort can provide useful assessment of initiatives that foster improved community disaster resiliency. In this research, we address the effect of local hazard mitigation plan quality on mitigating disaster risk with an emphasis on the relationship between plan quality and community resilience. Using content analysis and principles of plan quality metrics, we evaluate local hazard mitigation plans to determine how well they support disaster risk reduction. Analytically, these metrics and relevant controls were incorporated into both a log-linear two-stage least squares model and a quantile regression model to explain flood loss at the county level for the US Mississippi River Basin. Findings suggest that better plan quality and high levels of community resilience result in reducing disaster losses.     

Benthic Infaunal Composition and Distribution at an Intertidal Wetland Mudflat

Benthic infaunal communities at Mai Po Inner Deep Bay mudflat, Hong Kong were investigated between August 2002 and August 2003. A total of 55 species belonging to 8 Phyla from more than 99,074 specimens were recorded. The species richness varied between 13 at Station B in August 2002 and 28 at Station D in August 2003 with an average of 21 across the mudflat and the species diversity was low [H′(log₂) = 0.7–3.5 with an average H′ = 2.4]. Seasonal variations were also observed through abundance and biomass across the mudflat among the seasons. The abundance density was between 8,977 individuals m⁻² at Station D in February 2003 and 77,256 individuals m⁻² at Station B in November 2002 and the overall average density was 25,274 individuals m⁻² for the four stations. The benthic infauna were dominated by pollution tolerant species at this wetland mudflat.     

Enhancing climate technology transfer through greater public–private cooperation: Lessons from Thailand and the Philippines

This article contributes to debates about climate change policy and technology transfer by analyzing the success factors underlying collaboration between private companies and communities in developing countries. To date, much attention to capacity building for enabling environments — including public–private collaboration — under the climate change convention has focused on state‐led initiatives and on the innovation and development of technologies. This article, instead, focuses on how private‐sector investors and host communities may collaborate in the diffusion of technologies, by reducing the costs of technology transfer, and making technology more appropriate to developing countries. The article describes cases of collaboration concerning waste management and waste‐to‐energy in Thailand and the Philippines. The article argues that successful public–private partnerships between investors and communities depends on minimizing transaction costs, strengthening collaborative (or assurance) mechanisms, and in maximizing public trust and accountability of partnerships. Lessons are then drawn for enhancing capacity building for technology transfer under the climate change convention and applications such as the Clean Development Mechanism.     

Success factors in community based natural resources management in northern Botswana: Lessons from practice

The article explores and examines challenges and lessons learned from the implementation of community based natural resources management (CBNRM) programmes in Ngamiland, northern Botswana. The article, based largely on primary data, with some secondary data sources, draws on the CBNRM framework, which promotes rural socio‐economic development and natural resources management. Among the key factors identified as pivotal to the success of CBNRM is broadening the consultation base during the mobilization phase of the programme to facilitate effective community participation and representation. Preparedness by both the implementing institutions and participating communities is also highlighted as key to effective mobilization. This means moving away from a conventional consultative forum, to a more multi‐faceted approach that will facilitate capturing the views of diverse user groups within the community. The article also suggests that feasibility studies are needed to address socio‐economic, political and cultural characteristics inherent in communities to guide programme implementation. To achieve increased community participation and enhance positive conservation attitudes, the article advocates a mobilization approach and practice that will effectively facilitate the process.     

Evaluating Visitor-Monitoring Techniques: A Comparison of Counting and Video Observation Data

Two visitor-monitoring methods, video monitoring and counts by human observers, were compared in order to identify and evaluate their respective advantages and disadvantages. The analysis considered user numbers, user type (walkers, dog walkers, bicyclists, and joggers) and group size of visitors. Remarkable differences were found between the two methods for user type and use levels. At low use levels, evaluations based on video monitoring resulted in fewer single bicyclists compared to counts by human observers, whereas at high use levels, human observers counted fewer walkers and bikers than video-interpreters. Based on this comparative analysis, we derive recommendations for more effective visitor-monitoring approaches. All data were collected during a visitor-monitoring project in the Danube Floodplains National Park in Austria between 1998 and 1999.     

Response of lithophilic zoobenthos to changes in the granulometric composition of grounds in the metarithral zone of a small river in the foothills of southwestern kamchatka

Data on the species composition, abundance, and biomass of macrozoobenthos in the rapids of a small river flowing in the foothills of the southwestern Kamchatka Peninsula are considered along with the results of quantitative analysis of structural rearrangements in the lithophilic community under the effects of changes in the granulometric composition of bottom sediments. Groups of lithophilic and pelophilic invertebrates typical of the metarithral of such rivers (e.g., chironomids of subfamilies Diamesinae and Prodiamesinae) are identified.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 120–125.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Leman, Chebanova.     

Is recycled water use risky? An Urban Australian community’s perspective

The emergence of a global water crisis has seen the necessity for a sustainable approach to water management. Policies directed towards water recycling have been implemented in many regions of the world. In Australia, prolonged drought conditions in most major cities during the past decade have led to serious national calls for less drinking water to be used (Prime Minister’s Science Engineering and Innovation Council, 2003), and a strategic policy response from many State Governments, including bold targets for water recycling. A key consideration to the realisation of these policies is greater understanding of community attitudes to recycled water use, without which, a number of recycled water projects have failed (Hurlimann and McKay, 2004). Despite the critical nature of community attitudes, little research has been conducted, especially in relation to perception of risk, which has been found to be critical in the adoption of new technologies (Cvetkovich and Lofstedt, 1999). This paper investigates an urban Australian community’s perception of risk involved with using recycled water. Key findings include: perception of risk increased as the use of recycled water became increasingly personal. Perception of risk was significantly negatively related to trust, perception of fairness and information. Trust in the Water Authority to manage risk was significantly related to perception of trust, communication and integrity of the Authority.