欧共体的危险物质管制政策

危险物质管制是环境保护政策的重要组成部分，欧共体在该领域的法律与实践上积累了丰富的经验。从考察欧共体环境政策的法律框架出发，分别评析了其对有毒化学品，放射性物质和基因修饰生物体等三类主要危险物质的管制。     

千米桥潜山构造高蜡凝析油气藏的蜡质来源研究

千米桥古潜山奥陶系凝析油以高含蜡为特征。为探讨凝析油气藏中的高蜡成因机理 ,对黄骅坳陷近3 0年来 3 3 0 0多个第三系原油油样含蜡量的时空分布特征进行了研究。发现原油含蜡量的垂向分布主要受自下而上运移过程中的“地色层效应”所控制 ,对最接近油藏原始蜡质保存条件的试油含蜡量的层位分布统计研究也支持上述观点 ,说明无论是初次运移还是二次运移 ,随距离的增加含蜡量逐渐降低 ,亦即含蜡量较高的原油更靠近烃源岩。板桥油田和港东部分地区沙三段产层 (凝析油烃源层 )的含蜡量平面分布研究 ,表明千米桥古潜山奥陶系高蜡凝析油的蜡质来源于歧口凹陷方向的白水头地区 ,与白水头地区原油高分子量蜡馏分的指纹对比及含氮化合物、成熟度等多项指标也证实了上述结论     

Unanticipated repercussions of international disaster relief

Following the Peruvian earthquake of May 1970, the devastated provincial town of Huarez received massive amounts of disaster relief aid. The reconstruction process rapidly transformed the economic and social structure of the community by causing a shortlived boom which raised the expectations of the population. Once the relief agencies withdrew, the demand for goods and services fell sharply and the people were forced to readjust to a less prosperous life. It also appeared that their capacity to respond to future disasters had not been significantly unproved. This case study highlights the need for research into the long term consequences of disaster relief.     

水环境中秸秆源溶解有机质的组成及光化学活性特征

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱和稳态光化学反应技术,对水环境中水稻和小麦秸秆短期（91d）分解释放的溶解有机质（DOM）的组成、结构和光化学活性进行了研究.结果表明：在水环境中,秸秆分解释放DOM过程可分为物理淋溶、易分解组分分解和难分解组分分解三个阶段,其中易分解组分是该分解过程中秸秆DOM的主要来源;随分解周期增长,秸秆源DOM的芳香性、腐殖化程度及分子量不断增大,而生物可利用性逐渐减小;秸秆源DOM中的类酪氨酸、类腐殖酸和类富里酸在秸秆分解过程中逐渐累积,至分解末期,3种组分在水稻和小麦秸秆DOM中的含量分别增加了4.2%~14.3%和5.9%~12.8%,而类色氨酸和溶解性微生物分泌物相对不稳定,会被逐渐分解;秸秆源DOM的紫外和荧光光谱特征指数SUVA₂₅₄、E2/E3、S_275~295、S_R、BIX和FI均与其光生HO×、¹O₂和三线态DOM间具有良好的相关关系（r > 0.61,P < 0.05）,因此秸秆源DOM的光化学活性由其芳香结构、分子量及生物可利用性共同决定.鉴于此,研究认为,探讨生物可利用组分的光化学活性,及构建光谱特征指数预测DOM光化学活性的数学模型,是今后秸秆源DOM生态环境作用研究的两项重要内容.     

泰山山前平原三种土地利用方式下土壤结构特征及其对土壤持水性的影响

不同土地利用方式因其植被和管理方式差异影响土壤结构特征而改变土壤持水性。选择泰山山前平原农田、林地和荒草地3种土地利用方式,分析不同土壤颗粒组成、颗粒粒径分布与团聚体组成及其水稳定性等土壤结构特征指标,利用原状土样测定,结合土壤水分特征曲线分析土壤持水量、持水强度及水分有效性,通过逐步回归与通径分析明确影响土壤持水性的主要结构特征指标。结果表明,与荒草地相比,农田和林地显著提高了土壤粘粒含量、有机碳含量、土壤毛管孔隙度,降低了土壤容重、> 2 mm水稳性团聚体含量及团聚体的水稳定性。农田土壤的细颗粒组成含量和颗粒比表面积显著高于林地和荒草地土壤。土壤饱和含水量的大小依次为农田>林地>荒草地,农田土壤的田间持水量为31%,分别比林地和荒草地高15%、24%。土壤容积含水量θ与吸力S之间的关系符合幂函数方程θ=A·S^-B（系数A、B为常数,A值表征土壤持水强度,大小依次为农田>林地>荒草地）。土壤有效水总量与速效水含量大小依次为林地>农田>荒草地。逐步回归与通径分析表明土壤粘粒含量通过直接和间接作用增强土壤持水性,土壤颗粒比表面积和水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径对土壤持水性的影响主要体现在间接作用,土壤水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径是抑制土壤持水性的关键因素。土壤有机碳含量对调节土壤粘粒含量和土壤水稳性团聚体形成具有重要作用。因此,在该区土地开发利用过程中,以提高土壤有机碳含量改善土壤结构性质为原则,建议土地利用方式以农业与林业轮作或间作措施为主,合理开发荒草地,为该区土壤水分管理与土地可持续开发利用提供参考依据。     

上海夏季PM2.5中有机物的组分特征、空间分布和来源

有机物是大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的重要组成部分,其来源和组分非常复杂,是大气科学研究的难点和热点.本研究定量表征了上海地区夏季3个不同功能站点PM_(2.5)中78种有机组分,分析了其组成特征及空间差异,并采用后向轨迹、指示物、特征比值等方法对其来源进行了探讨.结果表明,上海西部郊区青浦和徐汇的有机组分检出浓度相近,约为(317±129)ng·m~(-3),高于东部沿海.78种有机组分中,脂肪酸类物质的占比最高,之后依次为左旋葡聚糖、正构烷烃和多环芳烃,藿烷的占比最低.基于示踪物比值法初步分析结果表明,上海地区的颗粒有机物主要来源于汽油车尾气排放,此外中心城区和西部郊区在观测期间受到了一定程度的生物质燃烧污染,可能与西北方向的污染输送有关.就具体组分而言,在西部郊区青浦,脂肪酸主要来自于陆生植物排放,而在东部沿海地区临港,其还会受到海洋浮游植物和微生物的影响;PAH特征比值的分析表明煤燃烧和机动车尾气对多环芳烃具有重要贡献.相关研究结果有助于对上海有机气溶胶的污染特征及来源的深入认识,为开展颗粒有机物的防治提供一定的基础支撑.     

Production of ammonia from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea: Effects of carrier gas composition

Effects of carrier gas composition(N_2/air) on NH_3 production, energy efficiency regarding NH_3 production and byproducts formation from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea were systematically investigated using an Al_2 O_3-packed dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) reactor at room temperature. Results show that the presence of O_2 in the carrier gas accelerates the conversion of urea but leads to less generation of NH_3. The final yield of NH_3 in the gas phase decreased from 70.5%, 78.7%, 66.6% and 67.2% to 54.1%, 51.7%, 49.6% and 53.4% for applied voltages of 17, 19, 21 and 23 kV, respectively when air was used as the carrier gas instead of N_2.From the viewpoint of energy savings, however, air carrier gas is better than N_2 due to reduced energy consumption and increased energy efficiency for decomposition of a fixed amount of urea. Carrier gas composition has little influence on the major decomposition pathways of urea under the synergetic effects of plasma and Al_2 O_3 catalyst to give NH_3 and CO_2 as the main products. Compared to a small amount of N_2 O formed with N_2 as the carrier gas, however,more byproducts including N_2O and NO_2 in the gas phase and NH_4 NO_3 in solid deposits were produced with air as the carrier gas, probably due to the unproductive consumption of NH_3, the possible intermediate HNCO and even urea by the abundant active oxygen species and nitrogen oxides generated in air-DBD plasma.     

Pollutants identification of ambient aerosols by two types of aerosol mass spectrometers over southeast coastal area, China

Two different aerosol mass spectrometers, Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(AMS) and Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(SPAMS) were deployed to identify the aerosol pollutants over Xiamen, representing the coastal urban area. Five obvious processes were classified during the whole observation period. Organics and sulfate were the dominant components in ambient aerosols over Xiamen. Most of the particles were in the size range of 0.2–1.0 μm, accounting for over 97% of the total particles measured by both instruments.Organics, as well as sulfate, measured by AMS were in good correlation with measured by SPAMS. However, high concentration of NH4+was obtained by AMS, while extremely low value of NH4+was detected by SPAMS. Contrarily, high particle number counts of NO3-and Clwere given by SPAMS while low concentrations of NO3-and Cl-were measured by AMS. The variations of POA and SOA obtained from SPAMS during event 1 and event 2 were in accordance with the analysis of HOA and OOA given by AMS, suggesting that both of AMS and SPAMS can well identify the organic clusters of aerosol particles. Overestimate or underestimate of the aerosol sources and acidity would be present in some circumstances when the measurement results were used to analyze the aerosol properties, because of the detection loss of some species for both instruments.     

Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The potential health risks of airborne bacteria emission from a wastewater treatment process have been concerned. However, few studies have investigated the differences in community structure between indoor and outdoor bacteria. In this work, the characterization of airborne bacteria was studied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Two indoor (i.e., fine screen room and sludge dewatering house) and two outdoor (i.e., aeration tank and control site) sampling sites were selected. An Andersen six-stage impactor was used for collecting culturable airborne bacteria in the air, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted to track the emission source of the culturable airborne bacteria. The results indicate that, compared with the outdoor aeration tank site, the concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria in the indoor fine screen room with poor ventilation were more than ten times higher and the particle size was about twice as large. The community structures of indoor and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria were obviously different. Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were detected in indoor culturable airborne bacteria, with wastewater and sludge dewatering machine identified as the primary sources. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were not detected in outdoor culturable airborne bacteria. Outdoor high wind speed might have resulted in rapid dilution and mixing of culturable airborne bacteria generated from the aeration tank with the ambient air. The results of the present research suggest that covering pollution sources, increasing ventilation rates, and using protective measures for personnel should be implemented to decrease the exposure risk to indoor culturable airborne bacteria.     

宁波市不同区分类垃圾组成与理化特性研究

为了对分类垃圾制定合理的处理方案,对宁波市主城区分类垃圾和处理终端的垃圾物理组成和理化特性进行了为期1年的研究.结果表明,生活垃圾中厨果类、纸类、橡塑类所占比例分别为50.63%、20.92%、15.70%,平均容重为145.10 kg·m~(-3),各区的平均湿基低位热值为8049.57kJ·kg~(-1);农贸市场、餐厨垃圾处理厂、焚烧厂、填埋场中厨果类分别占比77.34%、63.85%、58.17%、58.19%,平均容重分别为204.93、250.33、269.16、268.07 kg·m~(-3);厨果类含量春季较低,夏季较高,含水率为68.95%,碳氮比(C/N)为18.16,淀粉含量为9.08%,粗蛋白含量为13.41%,粗脂肪含量为9.33%.宁波市主城区生活垃圾分类初见成效,其他垃圾适合焚烧,厨余垃圾适合生化处理.