关于废水中一类污染物的采样点位

文章介绍了车间和处理设施排出口的现状,通过对各排口污染物排放量之间关系的分析,确定一类污染物采样点位的设置方法。     

FIELD MEASUREMENT OF FLOW VELOCITIES,SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS,AND TEMPERATURES IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a field investigation of collecting hydrodynamic and sediment data in Lake Okeechobee with analyses examining mechanisms affecting sediment resuspension in the lake. Lake Okeechobee is a large subtropical lake located in south central Florida. Three‐dimensional flow velocities, suspended solids concentrations (SSC), and temperatures at four locations were measured from January 18 to March 5, 2000. Analyses of these data indicate that wind is the dominant factor in driving flow velocities and therefore transporting suspended solids. Wind direction also affects the SSC, especially in the north central and west littoral areas of the lake. The surface and bottom velocity components frequently flow in opposite directions, forming a stratification of the water column and preventing suspended solids from settling out. This retention of SSC in the water column may have a strong impact on the water quality of Lake Okeechobee. This study provides valuable storm event data and mechanism analyses, which will improve our understanding of the transport of suspended solids, thermal exchanges, and flow patterns within Lake Okeechobee.     

氮氧同位素示踪南昌秋冬季降水中NO3-来源及其贡献

为确定南昌市秋冬季降水中硝酸盐来源及贡献,于2016年9月1日至2017年2月28日对南昌地区雨水进行采集,分析了其化学组成及NO₃^-同位素组成并利用贝叶斯混合模型对NO₃^-四种潜在来源贡献进行计算.结果显示NO₃^-浓度范围为7.3~99.5μmol/L,平均值为36.1μmol/L;δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-变化范围为-6.0‰~+8.3‰,平均值为-0.8‰,两者均呈现冬季高秋季低的变化趋势.NO₃^-浓度季节性变化可能是受到降雨量等因素的影响,而δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-变化可能是冬季降水中机动车尾气排放偏高和秋季降水中煤燃烧来源偏高双重因素作用的结果.同位素及贝叶斯混合模型源解析结果表明,南昌市降水中NO₃^-主要来源于生物质燃烧（32.5%）、机动车尾气排放（30.8%）和煤燃烧（23.1%）,三者贡献超过86%;而机动车尾气排放和生物质燃烧释放均超过30%,这可能与近年来机动车快速增加和秋冬季野外生物质大量燃烧有关.煤燃烧虽然也是重要来源,但相对生物质燃烧和机动车尾气排放较小,这可能与近年我国减排措施有关.     

西秦岭温泉岩浆混合花岗岩的地球化学特征

西秦岭温泉岩体是壳、幔岩浆混合的产物。寄主岩石(酸性端元)属铝过饱和钙碱性系列,贫CaO富FeOtotal,ANKC值大于1 1,NK/A均小于0 9,富Mo、Sn、Bi、W等高温热液成矿元素及Co、Ni、Cr等亲铁元素,LREE/HREE为10～15。基性端元暗色微细粒镁铁质包体及基性岩墙,富Na2O、K2O,而贫FeOtotal,异常富集轻稀土和Ba、Rb、Sr、Zr、Th、Hf、Nb等大离子亲石元素,而贫Co、Ni、Cr等亲铁元素,LREE/HREE为9 98～13 5,异常富轻稀土。由2端元岩浆混合形成的岩浆混合花岗岩,地球化学特征介于2端元间,并有显著的过渡特征和依从关系,反映了重要的岩浆混合信息。     

储罐冷却材料喷涂装置的设计与优化

针对火灾情况下油罐区的保护问题,设计了一种储罐冷却材料喷涂装置。装置通过“动”、“静”结构结合的设计方案,满足了对高吸水性聚合物冷却材料的混配溶胀与喷涂要求。利用FLUENT软件对新型旋流静态混合器的分析结果表明,新型旋流静态混合器切向速度大,径向混合能力和湍流扩散能力强,有利于实现良好的混合效果。     

湘江霞湾段汞环境容量模型研究

根据湘江霞湾段水力学特征及向家塘断面水质要求 ,在综合分析多年水文参数和相应环境监测数据的基础上 ,建立了一套适合该江段的汞环境容量模型。经检验 ,模型预测值与实测值吻合良好 ,该模型可用于预测预报该江段在不同水文条件下汞的环境容量及水体中汞的浓度分布变化规律 ,以利调控汞污染源的排放强度和总量     

光质对蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）生长特征及生化组成的影响研究

采用发光二极管(light emitting diode,LED)调制光谱,研究了不同光质(红光、蓝光、白光、红蓝混光8∶1,红蓝混光8∶2,红蓝混光8∶3)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长特性及生化组成的影响.结果表明,蓝光下蛋白核小球藻生长效果最佳,其接种后培养30 d,光密度为2.4,比生长速率为0.10 d-1,生物量为0.64 g·L-1,而其它光质下光密度、比生长速率和生物量分别在1.0~1.7、0.07~0.10 d-1和0.27~0.38 g·L-1之间,蓝光条件下其光密度、比生长速率和生物量分别约为红光下的2.05倍、1.33倍和2.06倍;红蓝混光有利于蛋白核小球藻叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素的合成,蓝光可促进叶绿素b的合成,红蓝混光8∶1其叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素的含量分别为13.5 mg·g-1和5.8 mg·g-1,而蓝光下分别为8.4 mg·g-1和3.6mg·g-1;红蓝混光更有利于蛋白核小球藻单位细胞干重蛋白质和总脂的积累,红蓝8∶3蛋白质含量为489.3 mg·g-1,红蓝8∶1总脂含量为311.2 mg·g-1,而蓝光下蛋白质和总脂含量均较低,分别为400.9 mg·g-1和231.9 mg·g-1.     

人工强制混合充氧对分层型水库细菌群落演替的影响

为深度解析人工强制混合充氧过程中细菌群落的演替，以西安金盆水库为研究对象，对2018年8月~2019年4月水库主库区垂向细菌种群结构进行连续监测.结果表明，受人工强制混合充氧作用影响，水库水体中的优势菌群蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）的丰度由11.7%~19.2%降至6.3%~8.9%.其中，表层、中层和底层水体蓝细菌的丰度分别由18.3%、11.7%、19.2%降至8.9%、6.3%、7.9%.人工强制混合作用使垂向水体细菌的种群结构差异降低，样本之间的离散度逐渐减小，其中优势菌群放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）在水体垂向的丰度分别由"中 > 底 > 表"和"表 > 底 > 中"，逐渐变为表、中、底层趋于均一.人工强制充氧作用使底部水体溶解氧（DO）含量逐渐升高，好氧型细菌的丰度得到明显的增加，其中Polynucleobacter的丰度从0.06%增加到1.06%，甲基孢囊菌属（Methylocystis）的丰度由0.18%增至2.20%，甲基杆菌属（Methylobacter）的丰度由0.02%增加到1.96%.通过冗余分析可知，影响细菌群落组成的主要因素为水体热分层稳定性、水温、DO、总磷（TP）和总氮（TN）.     

Seasonal differences in sources and formation processes of PM2.5 nitrate in an urban environment of North China

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) has been the dominant ion of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) in PM_2.5 in North China. Tracking the formation mechanisms and sources of particulate nitrate are vital to mitigate air pollution. In this study, PM_2.5 samples in winter (January 2020) and in summer (June 2020) were collected in Jiaozuo, China, and water-soluble ions and (δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O)-NO₃⁻ were analyzed. The results showed that the increase of NO₃⁻ concentrations was the most remarkable with increasing PM_2.5 pollution level. δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻ values for winter samples (82.7‰ to 103.9‰) were close to calculated δ¹⁸O-HNO₃ (103‰ ± 0.8‰) values by N₂O₅ pathway, while δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻ values (67.8‰ to 85.7‰) for summer samples were close to calculated δ¹⁸O-HNO₃ values (61‰ ± 0.8‰) by OH oxidation pathway, suggesting that PM_2.5 nitrate is largely from N₂O₅ pathway in winter, while is largely from OH pathway in summer. Averaged fractional contributions of P_N2O5+H2O were 70% and 39% in winter and summer sampling periods, respectively, those of P_OH were 30% and 61%, respectively. Higher δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ values for winter samples (3.0‰ to 14.4‰) than those for summer samples (-3.7‰ to 8.6‰) might be due to more contributions from coal combustion in winter. Coal combustion (31% ± 9%, 25% ± 9% in winter and summer, respectively) and biomass burning (30% ± 12%, 36% ± 12% in winter and summer, respectively) were the main sources using Bayesian mixing model. These results provided clear evidence of particulate nitrate formation and sources under different PM_2.5 levels, and aided in reducing atmospheric nitrate in urban environments.     

利用SPAMS研究上海秋季气溶胶污染过程中颗粒物的老化与混合状态

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱(SPAMS)于2011年11月11～18日在上海测量了气溶胶高污染过程中200 nm～2.0μm气溶胶的粒径谱及其化学组成.对气溶胶粒子的分类结果发现,灰霾天期间大气中主要存在OCEC、METAL、EC、SECONDARY和K-Na等5种气溶胶粒子,其粒子数分别占总数的27.4%、3.4%、7.3%、45.6%和5.4%,二次污染显著.观测得到的5类气溶胶颗粒中都包含18NH4+、80SO3-、96SO4-、97HSO4-、46NO2-、62NO3-、125H(NO3)2-等二次组分,说明灰霾天期间这些颗粒都经历了不同的二次过程或与二次组分进行了不同程度的混合,且随着灰霾的生成和发展,气溶胶不断老化,二次气溶胶粒子的信号迅速增强.OCEC粒子中97HSO4-的信号较强,说明SO2可能在气溶胶表面发生多相反应,同时因有机物的存在对气态硫酸参与气溶胶成核和增长起了重要作用,尤其是在严重污染的条件下,气态硫酸和有机蒸气相互作用可能加速了硫酸-有机颗粒物的形成.从气溶胶类型的谱分布可以发现,新鲜的EC气溶胶粒子排入大气后,其表面会不断附着18NH+4、80SO3-、96SO4-、97HSO4-、46NO2-、62NO3-、125H(NO3)2-等二次组分,EC颗粒在老化的过程中其类型逐步由EC气溶胶演变成二次气溶胶粒子.来自海洋的暖湿气流除了形成降水对气溶胶形成冲刷作用,使得二次气溶胶粒子和OCEC气溶胶粒子数明显降低以外,也将有机胺带入内陆,在清洁天气溶胶粒子中形成Amine粒子.