基于Fluent的闭合环型缺氧反应器构造优化

为提高闭合环型缺氧反应器混合效果,选用基于Fluent软件的三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对闭合环型缺氧反应器进行流场模拟,以池底可能淤积面积比例作为混合效果的评价标准,分别从导流直墙长度、导流墙偏心距离及水下推进器偏置等3个方面对缺氧池的系统构造的最优设置进行研究。结果显示,在相同推进器功率下,导流直墙长度2.0 m为佳,导流墙偏心距离0.5 m为佳,推进器向内偏置0.5 m为佳。该研究方法及其结果可以作为闭合环型缺氧反应器的设计依据,具有较佳的技术参考价值。     

提高低C/N值农村生活污水中TN的去除效果

高负荷渗滤田工艺处理农村生活污水后,出水中C/N值降低,后续反硝化池由于缺少碳源,系统出水中TN难以稳定达标。研究在不对整个系统构筑物进行大的改造、不增加外购碳源的前提下,通过往后续反硝化池掺混部分调节池原水的措施,提高了TN的去除效率。研究结果表明,通过掺混10%左右的调节池原水,系统TN的去除效率提高了约10%,由68.2%提升到了77.5%。系统出水中各主要指标均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准要求。系统运行费用低且实验未增加运行成本,工程可为气候条件相近、水质类似地区农村生活污水的处理提供借鉴。     

新型乙醇汽油防静电混合器数值模拟研究

设计了一种新型乙醇汽油防静电混合器,基于CFD方法对新型乙醇汽油防静电混合器及简单的T型管混合器的内部流场分别进行数值分析,通过比较混合器中各组分浓度分布、压力分布、速度分布等特征,研究乙醇与汽油在混合器中的混合效果,并分析静电产生的风险。结果表明：在新型混合器螺旋叶片的作用下,乙醇汽油在出口处几乎混合均匀,速度趋于一致,且压力损失较小,说明新型混合器可以在较小的能耗下获得较好的混合效果,从而有效减少静电积聚。     

Effect of mixing chamber venturi,injection timing,compression ratio and EGR on the performance of dual-fuel engine operated with HOME and CNG

Stringent environmental policies and the ever increasing demand for energy have triggered interest in novel combustion technologies that use alternative fuels as energy sources. Of these, pilot-ignited compressed natural gas (CNG) engines that employ small biodiesel pilot to ignite a premixed natural gas–air mixture have received considerable attention. This paper discusses the effect of mixing chamber venturi, injection timing, compression ratio and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the performance of dual-fuel engine operated on biodiesel derived from honge oil and is called honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and CNG. The proposed study mainly focuses on the manifold induction of CNG along with HOME injection. However, CNG can also be injected using port or direct gas injector (Lakshmanan and Nagarajan 2010, Energy 35, pp. 3172–3178). The future study will involve these methods of CNG injection. From this study, it is concluded that an advanced injection timing and an increased compression ratio resulted in increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. However, nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) emission increased significantly. The increased NO _x emission was effectively reduced with EGR method. A mixing chamber venturi of 3 mm size, injection timing of 27° before top dead centre (BTDC), compression ratio of 17.5 and 10% EGR were found to be optimum for the modified compression ignition engine that was operated on CNG–HOME dual-fuel mode.     

THE EFFECTS OF DIURNAL MIXING ON THERMAL STRATIFICATION OF STATIC IMPOUNDMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The time variation in the temperature distribution of a static water impoundment is predicted. The body of water is modeled as a discrete number of horizontally isothermal layers and the energy equation is solved using an implicit numerical scheme. Vertical energy transport mechanisms included are solar absorption, molecular diffusion, and convective mixing due to nocturnal turnover. The latter mechanism, called diurnal mixing, is found to have a profound effect on the stratification, particularly in the eplimnion patterns for a typical deep static impoundment.     

Boundary Layer Evolution and its Influence on Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations

Accurate determination of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height (i.e., mixing height (MH)) is critical to properly simulating pollutant levels with the grid-based photochemical models. In this study, the daytime mixing heights based on the parcel and bulk Richardson number methods are compared with those obtained directly from a numerical mesoscale meteorological model in an effort to evaluate the uncertainties in the estimation of the PBL evolution. Mixing heights are estimated from hourly outputs of meteorological variables of the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 3.3 (MM5V3) with two PBL schemes (Blackadar and Gayno-Seaman) during July 1999 over Philadelphia, PA. An analysis of the diurnal variation in the urban PBL and its influence on ground-level ozone (O₃) levels is presented in this paper. The results indicate that on average, the MHs determined from the bulk Richardson number were larger than those estimated from the parcel method. The MHs from the MM5V3 output were much smaller than those derived from the parcel and bulk Richardson number methods, especially for the Gayno-Seaman scheme that is based on turbulent kinetic energy. The MH and ground-level O₃ concentration have been found to be twice as much on episode days than on non-episode days. The average hourly MH growth rate and O₃ tendency (i.e. rate of change in O₃) were largest during the morning hours (0700 to 1000 eastern standard time (EST)), suggesting that vertical mixing contributes significantly to the accumulation of ground-level O₃ in urban areas in the morning hours.     

我国城市生活垃圾收集和分类方式探讨

在分析城市生活垃圾混合收集和分类收集优缺点的基础上,总结了我国试点城市垃圾分类收集存在的问题。根据垃圾分类是一个熵减过程,从社会进步和社会分工的角度说明垃圾源头分类收集比混合收集后再分类需要输入更多的能量,付出更多的劳动时间,因而城市生活垃圾应采用混合收集后由专门工作人员分类,而不是公众的源头分类。     

Vertical distribution of hydrocarbons in the low troposphere below and above the mixing height: tethered balloon measurements in Milan, Italy

A novel approach for measuring vertical profiles of HCs and particle number concentrations was described and applied in the low troposphere over Milan (Italy) during typical spring and summer days. Particle profiles yielded nearly homogeneous concentrations below the mixing height, with level-to-ground concentration ratios of 92-97%, while HCs showed a more pronounced decrease (74-95%). Vertical mixing and photochemical loss of HCs were demonstrated to cause these gradients. Much lower concentrations were observed for the profiles above the mixing height, where the HC mixtures showed also a different composition, which was partially explained by the horizontal advection of air with HC sources different to those prevailing at the site. The application of pseudo-first order kinetics for reactions between HCs and the hydroxyl radical allowed for the estimation of the vertical mixing time scale in the order of 100 ± 20 min.     

青海湖流域农田生态系统氢氧同位素特征及其水分利用变化研究

水分条件是直接影响农作物产量高低的主要限制因子之一,但对青海湖流域油菜和燕麦植物水分利用方式的认识尚不清楚。论文收集油菜和燕麦整个生育期内降水、植物和土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成,并通过直接对比法和多源混合模型定量地计算出油菜和燕麦对不同深度土壤水分利用比例。结果表明：降水中同位素组成表征出较大的波动性变化,浅层土壤水同位素组成受蒸发作用影响明显富集于深层土壤水分,且土壤水中同位素在垂直方向上呈浅层土壤水较富集于深层土壤水。油菜在生育期内根系吸水方式在浅层和深层土壤间发生明显的转换,如在蕾薹期、开花期、灌浆期及成熟期主要依赖于0~10 cm（95.1%）、0~10 cm（68%和44.8%）、30~60 cm（69.9%）及0~10 cm（38.8%）的土壤水分。而燕麦根系吸水范围却没有表征出明显的改变,在整个生育期内土壤水分利用深度在0~30 cm间变化。这将为高寒地区耕作方式调整及发展节水高效的现代农业提供理论依据。     

两级PNDPR耦合Anammox脱氮除磷工艺研究

鉴于厌氧氨氧化工艺进水必须包含NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N两种基质,且只能脱氮,为在此基础上进一步实现除磷,提出辅以短程硝化技术,将除磷、脱氮技术相耦合,即短程硝化反硝化除磷串联厌氧氨氧化工艺.生活污水首先进入短程硝化反硝化除磷单元,主要实现NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N并去除COD,其部分出水与生活污水原水相混合再进入厌氧氨氧化单元,同时短程硝化反硝化除磷单元于缺氧条件下反硝化吸磷,待反应结束后两个处理单元的出水混合排放.实验结果表明,控制进水混合比为4.2可保证Anammox单元中C/N和NO₂^--N/NH₄⁺-N值分别为2和1.5,平均△NO₂^--N/△NH₄⁺-N=1.41,△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N=0.12,Anammox脱氮平均占比为85.2%,反硝化与Anammox反应耦合良好.整个系统稳定运行后出水COD、P、NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N浓度分别为15.2,0.85,0.59,5.56,3.33mg/L,TN去除率为89.4%,通过PNDPR-Anammox耦合新工艺成功实现模拟生活污水的高效处理.