鹤山气溶胶光学性质和单颗粒化学组分的研究

2014年10~11月在广东省鹤山大气超级站利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）、积分式浊度仪和黑碳仪在线观测了单颗粒气溶胶的化学组成与气溶胶光学特征.采用Art-2a分类法将单颗粒分为9类：有机碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（OC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、元素碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（EC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、元素碳有机碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（ECOC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、高分子有机碳颗粒（HOC）、海盐颗粒（Sea-salt）、硅酸盐颗粒（Si-rich）、左旋葡聚糖颗粒（Lev）、钾-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（K-Sulfate/Nitrate）、金属颗粒（Metal）.从清洁期到灰霾期气溶胶的吸收系数、散射系数和单次散射反照率（SSA）显著升高,气溶胶消光能力增强,同时EC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒占比从34.8%降至31%,OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒从9.9%增加至23.6%,K-Sulfate/Nitrate二次颗粒从8.5%增加至14%,且灰霾期OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒与硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐的混合程度增强,因此老化的OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒和二次组分颗粒对气溶胶消光系数的增加有重要贡献.在大气相对湿度从50%增加到70%以上的过程中,气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数升高,消光系数由326.1Mm^-1增加到362.9Mm^-1,SSA有所下降,PM_2.5质量消光效率由4.98增加到5.99,EC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒和K-Sulfate/Nitrate二次颗粒占比下降,而OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒的占比由7.79%增加到14.29%,且OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒中富含硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐,表明高相对湿度下老化的OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒数目增多对气溶胶消光系数的增强有重要影响.     

南京大气气溶胶混合态与云凝结核活化特征研究

于2014年9月11~18日期间,在南京市气象局利用云凝结核计数器(CCNC)、气溶胶质量分析仪(APM)和扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)对气溶胶的分档云凝结核活性以及混合状态进行观测.结果表明,观测期间颗粒物混合状态以内部混合为主,76、111、138和181 nm颗粒物中,黑碳(BC)所占质量分数分别为5.4%、10%、10.7%和6.7%,而含BC核的颗粒物占总颗粒物数量的百分比分别为51%、57%、70%和59%,表明BC是大气中重要的凝结核,对大气颗粒物的数量有重要贡献.观测到的少数外混状态的颗粒物主要集中在111 nm和138 nm.76、111、138和181 nm颗粒物的临界过饱和度分别为0.25%、0.13%、0.06%和0.015%.降雨和灰霾对云凝结核活性影响较大,雨天、晴天和霾天的气溶胶吸湿性系数κ分别为0.37、0.29、0.39.气溶胶颗粒物的密度和云凝结核活性受化学组分影响明显,相对于晴天,霾天颗粒物中无机盐含量较高、有机物含量较少,对应的颗粒物密度较高、云凝结核活性较强.     

3D model for a secondary facultative pond

This paper describes a comprehensive model of wastewater treatment in secondary facultative ponds, which combines 3D hydrodynamics with a mechanistic water quality model. The hydrodynamics are based on the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible fluids under shallow water and Boussinesq assumptions capturing the flow dynamics along length, breadth and depth of the pond. The water quality sub model is based on the Activated Sludge Model (ASM) concept, describing COD and nutrient removal as function of bacterial growth following Monod kinetics, except for Escherichia coli removal, which was modelled as first order decay. The model was implemented in the Delft3D software and was used to evaluate the effect of wind and the addition of baffles on the water flow pattern, temperature profiles in the pond and treatment efficiency. In contrast to earlier models reported in the literature, our simulation results did not show any significant improvement in COD removal (based on the ASM concept) with addition of baffles or under intermittent wind-induced mixing. However, E. coli removal efficiency, based on a first order decay approach, showed a fair improvement in the presence of baffles or intermittent wind-induced mixing. Furthermore, simulations with continuous wind effect showed a decrease in removal efficiency for COD but a further increase in E. coli removal efficiency. Such contrasting results for two different approaches in modelling could indicate that the first order decay concept might not be appropriate to describe all the interactions between biochemical processes in a pond. However, these interpretations remain theoretical, as the model needs validation with field data.     

API standard 521 guidance on mixing of hot/cold liquids and prevention of superheat limit explosions

American Petroleum Institute (API) standards and recommended practices have identified inadvertent mixing of hot and cold liquids as a potential cause for equipment overpressure since 1955. The limited guidance has been informative but provides minimal if any details on conditions that could cause an overpressure and its potential severity. Therefore, the user must interpret how and when to prevent and/or mitigate the scenario. This guidance has changed little over the years. In June 2020, API published the 7th Edition of API Standard 521 which now provides specific guidance as to conditions whereby pressure relief devices can be considered for protection and conditions where prevention remains as the only recourse. This paper discusses the basis for the revised guidance in API Standard 521 and includes supplemental guidance.     

PAM影响剩余污泥与酒精糟液高温共厌氧消化研究

为了使共厌氧消化技术在实际生产中得到应用,研究了广泛使用的絮凝剂阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对剩余污泥与酒精糟液高温共厌氧消化的影响,并考察了不同搅拌强度消除PAM的影响.结果表明,阳离子PAM的含量越高,对共厌氧消化反应影响越明显,相对高的搅拌速度有利用消除高分子PAM对质子传输的束缚作用,增加厌氧微生物与污泥的接触机...     

聚合硫酸铁(PFS)混凝腐殖酸(HA)的过程中典型操作因素的影响研究

针对聚合硫酸铁（PFS）混凝-沉淀去除腐殖酸（HA）水样的过程,通过测定典型操作因素（PFS投加量、原水pH和搅拌方式）下微絮体的zeta电位、上清液的浊度、UV254、pH值及电导率和絮体沉降体积变化,探讨了这些因素对该过程的影响.结果表明：在原水pH=6.00时,PFS混凝HA的主要机制为电中和作用,搅拌方式对PFS的最佳投加范围没有明显的影响,但单一搅拌方式下HA的去除效果更好;在原水pH=8.00时,吸附络合-卷扫絮凝成为主要的混凝机制,复合搅拌方式下PFS的最佳投加量范围大于单一搅拌方式,且前者的HA去除效果更好.整体而言,几种混凝条件下PFS最佳投药量对应的微絮体zeta电位均在-12.00mV左右;原水pH=6.00时PFS混凝-沉淀去除HA的效果比原水pH=8.00时的好,且前者形成的PFS-HA沉淀絮体体积较小,但单一搅拌方式下絮体结构的重组过程并不是影响絮体体积的主要因素.复合搅拌方式中开始阶段的高强度搅拌有助于PFS组分在HA水样中的分散而有利于其电中和作用的发挥,但对PFS的水解过程影响不大.     

混合条件对氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性影响

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术,探求了混合条件对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响;结果表明:快速搅拌转速增大到250 r/min,絮凝效果最好,继续增大,效果变差;随着快速搅拌时间延长到60 s时,絮凝效果逐渐变好,继续延长时间,R值变小絮体细碎;加入超声时,产生的超声振动和冲击力使得絮体被冲击碎,絮凝效果变差;慢速搅拌转速增大至60 r/min时,絮凝效果逐渐变好,再继续延长R值变小。     

The Reduction of Stranded Oil by In Situ Shoreline Treatment Options

The Svalbard Shoreline Field Trials quantified the effectiveness of sediment relocation, mixing, bioremediation, bioremediation combined with mixing, and natural attenuation as options for the in situ treatment of oiled mixed-sediment (sand and pebble) shorelines. These treatments were applied to oiled plots located in the upper beach at three experimental sites, each with different sediment character and wave-energy exposure. Systematic monitoring was carried out over a 400-day period to quantify oil removal and to document changes in the physical character of the beach, oil penetration, oil loading, movements of oil to the subtidal environment, biodegradation, toxicity, and to validate oil-mineral aggregate formation.The results of the monitoring confirmed that sediment relocation significantly accelerated the rate of oil removal and reduced oil persistence where oil was stranded on the beach face above the level of normal wave activity. Where the stranded oil was in the zone of wave action, sediment relocation accelerated the short-term (weeks) rate of oil loss from the intertidal sediments.Oil removal rates on a beach treated by mechanical mixing or tilling were not significantly higher than those associated with natural recovery. However there is evidence that mixing/tilling may have enhanced microbial activity for a limited period by increasing the permeability of the sediment.Changes in the chemical composition of the oil demonstrated that biodegradation was significant in this arctic environment and a bioremediation treatment protocol based on nutrient enrichment effectively doubled the rate of biodegradation. However, on an operational scale, the success of this treatment strategy was limited as physical processes were more important in causing oil loss from the beaches than biodegradation, even where this oil loss was stimulated by the bioremediation protocols.     

2008北京残奥会期间大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征

利用单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)对2008年残奥会期间北京市黑碳(BC)气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布及单颗粒混合态进行连续在线观测.结果表明:观测期间BC浓度均值为1.65μg/m3,低于往年同期水平;质量粒径分布呈单峰型,峰值位于207nm;内混态BC比例平均为56.1%,高于其他国内外城市,说明本地源排放贡献相对较小.随大气边界层高度及本地源排放变化,BC浓度在上午8:00和午夜0:00出现2个峰值,内混态BC比例日变化趋势与之相反.风向风速分析表明,残奥会期间来自五环外未限行区域的机动车排放对市区BC浓度有明显影响.