水体富营养化及其防治

由于人类活动的影响,氮磷等营养物质大量排入水体并在其中不断积累,引起部分藻类和水生生物过度繁殖,造成水体的富营养化.本文对水体富营养化的形成机理、危害作了简要概述,着重从控制外源输入、降低内源负荷、去除营养物等三个方面,对现有的水体富营养化防治措施进行了概括和比较,并讨论了相应的发展方向,提出了综合防治策略.     

无铝箔复膜复合玻璃纤维风管安全性能的监测

本文采用Ｓ２７００型扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）对无铝箔复膜复合玻璃钢空调通风管道玻璃纤维污染进行了观测,并采用ＱＰ５０００型色谱／质谱联用仪（ＧＣ／ＭＳ）对通风管道在火灾中焚烧产生的烟气进行了分析,模拟试验的监测结果表明,通风管道空气流中玻璃纤维浓度为３２０３５０根／立方米,焚烧烟气中检出了２甲基丙烯酰苯胺,这是一种有害物质。     

一种新型高铺展性水成膜泡沫的性质以及灭火性能研究

介绍了一种自制的多组分水成膜泡沫溶液,并对该泡沫溶液的各种性能(表面张力,铺展性,灭火性能等)进行了表征,同时与传统的水成膜泡沫进行了对比.试验结果表明,该泡沫溶液的表面张力和界面张力很低.极低的表面和界面张力导致该泡沫在液体燃料表面具有很强的铺展性,能在极短的时间内在燃料表面铺展成一层液膜,使燃料表面迅速隔氧降温,从而达到迅速灭火的作用.在通过压缩空气泡沫系统进行灭火的试验中,不论泡沫浓度处于3%或6%,在液体流量较大的情况下,该泡沫对标准柴油火的熄灭时间都在3秒之内.另外,泡沫溶液的铺展性和所形成的泡沫的灭火性能的试验结果表明水成膜泡沫的灭火速率主要是由其在燃料表面形成水膜的速率决定,而形成水膜的速率主要是由泡沫溶液的铺展速率、即铺展性决定的.     

低温低C/N比复合A~2/O启动实验研究

研究了低温低碳氮比条件下好氧段添加AquaMat(s阿科蔓)的A2/O工艺的挂膜启动实验。结果表明:在环境温度为10¹2℃,C/N为3.5左右的条件下,当系统HRT为10 h,SRT为15 d,污泥回流比为100%,硝化液回流比为200%,好氧段DO在212℃,C/N为3.5左右的条件下,当系统HRT为10 h,SRT为15 d,污泥回流比为100%,硝化液回流比为200%,好氧段DO在2³ mg/L,初始MLSS为4 000 mg/L时,好氧段阿科蔓经30 d左右挂膜成功。系统对COD,氨氮,总氮的去除率分别达到90%、97%、60%。对总磷的去除率低且不稳定。实验研究了挂膜过程中COD、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮、总磷、ORP、MLSS及微生物相的变化规律并分析了变化原因。     

羟基镁铝复合物对于水体中镉的去除研究

近年来,由于受到各种工业废水和固体废弃物的影响,使得水体中的重金属含量不断上升,镉污染就是受关注度较高的一种重金属污染,居民若长期食用含镉稻米或含镉水,会引发骨痛病,严重时还会危害人体生命健康。羟基镁铝复合物是在强化混凝过程中形成的,是一种较好的复合材料,能够有效去除水体中的镉。本次主要研究这种材料对于Cd离子的去除效果,可以得出如下结论：pH、混凝剂Al13是较关键的影响因素,这些因素均影响着羟基镁铝复合物的形成情况以及其对于Cd离子的去除效果。通过一些表征说明,镁铝复合物的形态呈无定形,比表面积较大,成分也较复杂,并且在一定pH保证下,聚合度较高的Al13形成复合物的颗粒较大,对于Cd离子的去除起到积极的促进作用。     

生物质秸秆成型燃料的制备、应用与市场

介绍了国内外生物质能源技术的应用及生物质燃料的研发制备情况,分析了目前生物质燃料制备技术、资源化利用的现状以及存在的问题,针对符合中国国情的生物质(秸秆)成型燃料生产技术及市场需求进行了分析探讨。     

循环经济产业体系论纲

循环经济的核心是物质在产业间和产业与环境间的循环流动。发展循环经济要落实到具体的产业和企业上。需搞清具有物质循环利用关系的产业及其间的关系。为区别传统经济产业间的关系，避免走入用传统产业理论指导循环经济建设的误区，本文提出产业体系和循环经济产业体系的概念。并将若干与某种生产要素有关的产业相互联系、相互制约而构成的整体称为产业体系。以物质要素循环利用关系为纽带的产业体系称为循环经济产业体系。根据物质在环境社会系统中的流动模式。将循环经济产业体系中的产业分成物资产业、人的产业和环境产业三大类。要在传统（线性）经济的基础上发展循环经济。需理性地按生态学原理规范经济活动。重点强化废弃物再生和回用的环境产业。使之同物资产业和人的产业相协调。产业体系是对产业结构概念的发展。循环经济产业体系是循环经济理论和建设的重要内容。构建循环经济理论体系、出台有关法律法规和产业政策。是循环经济建设工作的重点。     

Improving the environmental performance of machine-tools: influence of technology and throughput on the electrical energy consumption of a press-brake

Machine-tools have been identified as one of the main energy-using products to be analyzed in an Ecodesign perspective, targeting the reduction of their environmental impact. Following this, machine-tool manufacturers are committed to anticipate eminent regulations and are looking for guidelines to improve their products on an effective and low-cost manner. This paper describes part of the energy consumption study followed in the frame of the Ecodesign of a commercial press-brake. All-hydraulic and all-electric commercially available systems, of different capacities and working in real production scenarios, have been included. From this study, a preliminary version of an LCI dataset for the bending process is proposed, structured in technology, machine capacity and usage mode categories, and using the bending cycle as the reference unit. The energy consumption per category was estimated based on a specific process energy model built as a function of the referred parameters. The contribution of the respective machine-tool structure to the environmental impact of the machining process is to be included, targeting the completion of such machining unit process dataset. The full LCA of an all-hydraulic system revealed the significant contribution of the machine-tool structure to the global life-cycle environmental impact of the machine (about 40%), while electricity during use phase contributes with about 46% to the total impact. This contradicts the general results published for other metal and non-metal forming processes, and is understood to be related with the discrete loading character of such forming processes here discussed.     

Desulfurization of dibenzothiophene（DBT） by a novel strain Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 isolated from diesel contaminated soil

A new bacterial strain DMT-7 capable of selectively desulfurizing dibenzothiophene (DBT) was isolated from diesel contaminated soil. The DMT-7 was characterized and identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 (NCBI GenBank Accession No. GQ496620) using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The desulfurized product of DBT, 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2HBP), was identified and confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis respectively. The desulfurization kinetics revealed that DMT-7 started desulfurization of DBT into 2HBP after the lag phase of 24 hr, exponentially increasing the accumulation of 2HBP up to 15 days leading to approximately 60% desulfurization of the DBT. However, further growth resulted into DBT degradation. The induced culture of DMT-7 showed shorter lag phase of 6 hr and early onset of stationary phase within 10 days for desulfurization as compared to that of non-induced culture clearly indicating the inducibility of the desulfurization pathway of DMT-7. In addition, Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 also possess the ability to utilize broad range of substrates as sole source of sulfur such as benzothiophene, 3,4-benzo DBT, 4,6-dimethyl DBT, and 4,6-dibutyl DBT. Therefore, Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 could serve as model system for efficient biodesulfurization of diesel and petrol.     

中国南方碳酸盐岩上覆红土形成机制研究进展

碳酸盐岩上覆红土在中国南方分布广泛,已提出的用于解释其形成机制的有溶蚀-残积说、溶蚀-交代说和外来沉积说,溶蚀-残积说应该是红土形成的真正机制。形成红土消耗的原岩可能是质纯碳酸盐岩,但更可能是含有泥质碳酸盐岩,甚至碎屑岩或粘土岩。红土中粘土矿物来源应该有二,一是原岩所夹粘土矿物,二是原岩中硅酸盐矿物溶解形成的次生粘土矿物;铁氧化物应该来自原岩中黄铁矿的次生演化。完整的红土剖面应该由红土层、杂色粘土层和碳酸盐岩腐岩组成。碳酸盐岩腐岩形成于包气带,由原岩中的碳酸盐溶解后再次沉淀形成,主要由钙华和残余碳酸盐晶体组成。红土地区的石漠化趋势主要与红土向地下岩溶空间渗漏有关。