PHB/V in Extrusion Coating of Paper and Paperboard—Study of Functional Properties. Part II

Extrusion coating experiments were carried out in the pilot line at Tampere University of Technology (Institute of Paper Converting). Commercially produced 3-hydroxybutyrate/3-hydroxyvalerate copolymer, commercial Finnish paper, and paperboard qualities were utilized as substrates. Functional properties, such as heat-sealing and hot-tack properties, pinhole density, and water vapor transmission rate were determined. PHB/V coatings exhibited approximately four–six times higher water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) than the corresponding LDPE coatings. The incorporation of wax or tall oil rosin into PHB/V improved its water vapor barrier. Curling of PHB/V was reduced by the addition of wax or tall oil rosin into the base polymer. PHB/V provided good heat-sealing characteristics at rather high sealing temperatures. Pinhole density was substantially reduced by using higher molecular weight PHB/V and by incorporating plasticizer into PHB/V.     

炼油厂延迟焦化装置冷焦水密闭脱臭处理

通过对焦化冷焦水性质的分析,并结合目前其它炼油厂的经验,自行设计建成了一套冷焦水密闭脱臭装置,该套装置具有投资省,操作方便的优点。装置建成投用至今已连续正常运行9个月,脱臭效果明显,周围环境状况大为改善。     

不锈钢阀门质量与安全生产

分析了不锈钢阀门的质量与降低能耗、环境污染 ,特别是安全生产的关系 ,指出了不锈钢阀门在国民经济建设中所起的重要作用 ;根据当前阀门生产中存在的一些实际问题 ,提出了提高不锈钢阀门质量 ,保证安全生产的一些有效措施     

胶囊粘液封孔器在测定煤层高瓦斯 压力时失效成因分析

针对采用胶囊粘液封孔器在测定煤层高瓦斯压力过程中,容易出现胶囊被顶出或密封失效等情况,根据多次实践经验,建立了封孔器与瓦斯室、岩石孔壁间整个密封系统的力学平衡方程,分析了胶囊被顶出的原因;通过假设建立了高压瓦斯气体侵入微孔隙模型,给出了泄漏气体侵入时的流量微分方程,并从能量角度分析了气体侵入和逸出微孔隙过程;建立了封孔系统内高压瓦斯在粘液中的扩散、溶解、析出物理模型,从理论上分析这种装置密封高压气体失效机制。通过多次对比现场实验,给出了采用该装置测压时的安全可信值范围,当煤层瓦斯压力超过3MPa时,最好采用传统封孔工艺进行测定。     

Experimental research in the fire resistance of the double-frame container

During the road transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat), container was usually used to protect the inner package from accidents. The conventional container is a sandwich-framed construction. When it was subjected to car fire, the combustible materials such as poly-foam interlayer would burn up in few minutes. Once the hazmat leaked out, it could result in the great loss of the public and environment. In this paper, a double-frame container mechanism was firstly proposed for loss prevention. In order to investigate the heat conduction pattern and the effect of interlayer thickness, the two-dimensional (2D) Finite Element (FE) model was developed. Based on the numerical results, the interlayer thickness was defined as 155 mm considering the ignorance of sealing. Furthermore, two small-scale containers whose interlayer were ceramic fiber and phenolic foam separately were manufactured. Pool fire experiments were carried out to evaluate the fire resistance of the mechanism and compare the insulation of the interlayer. Results show that the construction of the container remained complete after about 30-min fire exposure. The maximum temperature inside was below 100 °C during the burning process. When the fire burnt down, the temperature inside increased to 110 °C and then declined gradually during the 1000-min cooling process. Additionally, although the thermal insulation of the container with phenolic foam is relatively better, the ceramic fiber is much more suitable for the interlayer considering the sealing of the container and the stability in heat. In summary, the double-frame container could protect the product inside from car fire. It could be beneficial for the fire-resistant design of much bigger containers, which might be widely used for loss prevention in hazmat transport.     

高位钻孔不同封孔方法质量检测及其优选

为优选出高位钻孔最佳的封孔方式,通过理论分析给出钻孔漏气6种表现形式,并推导出钻孔漏气量及漏风率的计算公式,进而基于不同钻孔深度瓦斯浓度及抽采负压的变化率确立钻孔漏气位置、漏气量、漏气率等封孔质量定量判定指标体系。结合封孔质量探测结果、操作难易程度及经济成本建立封孔方法优劣的多因素评价方法,并对聚氨酯式常压封孔（方法1）、囊袋式注浆带压封孔（方法2）、钻屑回填式注浆带压封孔（方法3）3种方法进行综合评价分析。研究结果表明:方法1～3的封孔段平均瓦斯浓度分别为5.6%,3.2%及8%,方法1对应的瓦斯浓度与抽采负压均出现突降,方法2对应的抽采负压在8～14 m出现突降,方法3则较稳定。故判定三者封孔质量为钻屑回填式＞囊袋式＞聚氨酯式,结合成本分析和操作难易综合分析确定高位钻孔的最优封孔方式为钻屑回填式注浆带压封孔。     

F108氟橡胶湿热老化影响双因素方差分析

目的 研究湿热因素对F108氟橡胶老化的影响.方法 采用χ2检验的方法 ,对氟橡胶圆柱形试样的初始高度进行假设检验,推断F108氟橡胶材料压缩永久变形服从正态分布.采用方差分析的方法 ,结合湿热老化试验数据,对F108氟橡胶湿热老化不同时间的压缩永久变形进行湿热双因素方差分析.结果 在开始阶段(即老化1 d后),温度和...     

基于温度循环失效机理的铝制金属密封圈疲劳寿命仿真

目的 解决真空法兰密封中的金属密封圈寿命难以预测的问题.方法 基于金属密封圈的失效机理,提出一种疲劳仿真方法 ,对金属密封圈的使用寿命进行有效预测.通过有限元仿真方法 对金属密封圈安装过程及其使用过程进行仿真模拟,得到金属密封圈使用过程的应力分布,然后结合Conffin-Manson疲劳模型,对金属密封圈的使用寿命进行...     

油气管道维抢修密封卡具的安全检测与应用

针对油气管道维抢修所使用密封卡具在使用过程中存在安全隐患的问题,提出了1种密封卡具的安全检测方法,并设计了检测平台。检测平台主要由管段夹持装置、密封卡具组件、实验管段、液压注剂系统以及压力测量系统等构成;检测方法包括密封卡具的出厂强度检验、密封性能测试以及安全施工压力测试,通过检测来确保施工过程中密封卡具的安全稳定性及密封作业的成功率;在新疆油田采油一厂进行了现场应用,对泄漏管段进行现场勘测后设计加工了适用的密封卡具,对该卡具进行了室内安全检验,并依据注剂式密封技术的相关标准在现场实施了带压密封作业。研究结果表明:所加工密封卡具的强度、密封性能安全可靠,现场安全注剂压力不应超过22 MPa,管道未发生二次破坏,密封效果良好。     

不同因素耦合对密封橡胶老化特性的影响

目的 研究某密封橡胶材料在工况环境下的老化规律和特性,开展静载荷/温度/介质等多因素耦合的加速老化试验。方法 设计3种老化条件(90 ℃热空气、90 ℃热空气压缩、90 ℃热油压缩)模拟实际服役环境开展实验室加速研究。通过质量、硬度、压缩永久形变率等橡胶老化前后宏观性能变化,结合其化学结构和微观形貌变化进行老化特性研究。结果 热油压缩老化条件下,橡胶质量随时间变大,硬度变小,压缩永久形变变大,热稳定性变差,化学结构变化较小;热空气压缩条件下,压缩永久形变变大,其他物化性能变化较小;热空气条件下,硬度变大,烷基含量减少,其他变化较小。扫描电镜结果显示,2种压缩条件下,橡胶表面都出现颗粒状物质和条状纹理。以上结果说明,油在隔绝外界氧气的同时,会渗透到橡胶内部,引起软化,热空气介质加速橡胶热氧老化和材质硬化,压缩条件在抑制热氧老化同时,可加速应力松弛等物理老化作用的发生。结论 密封橡胶在不同服役环境下发生的主要老化反应并不一致,在热空气下,橡胶性能退化与热氧老化等化学老化作用有关,而在油介质和压缩状态下,橡胶性能劣化与物理老化作用更相关。