Physical properties of industrial wastes: laboratory tests

This article describes some laboratory tests performed on each kind of sludge located in an industrial wastes landfill. Measured physical properties are: field capacity, hydraulic permeability, saturation water content, effective porosity and particle-size distribution. The laboratory apparatus is described; the obtained results are analyzed to point out the possible correlations among the examined parameters. The aim of this work is to provide a data bank for industrial wastes landfills useful to perform some applications such as the evaluation of the produced leachate quantity for landfills whose wastes are similar to the ones here considered.     

Landfill mining and waste characterization: a strategy for remediation of contaminated areas

This article describes landfill-mining tests, including excavation, screening, and fraction characterization, carried out in the Msalycke and Gladsax landfills for municipal solid waste (MSW) in Sweden. The excavated waste in these two sites was 17–22 and 23–25 years old, respectively. The main part of Msalycke was unaffected by degradation, and during excavations no substantial amount of biogas was detected. After screening, three size fractions were obtained: <18mm, 18–50mm, and >50mm. Soil amendment and anaerobic digestion with energy extraction are suggested for the first and second fraction, respectively. Incineration with energy recovery is possible with the third fraction after any coarse (inert) material is removed, and construction/demolition waste can easily be recycled provided that it is not contaminated by hazardous material. Excavated waste taken from different depths was also analysed and compared in relation to composition, calorific value, and leachate constituents.     

混凝-吸附法预处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂的有毒有害有机废水，主要污染物是有机物．重金属和氨氮。通常采用联合工艺进行处理。笔者研究了混凝一吸附法预处理垃圾渗滤液。试验中采用聚合氯化铝作为混凝剂．最佳投药量为500mg／L：吸附剂采用自制的改性膨润土。结果表明：渗滤液中CODCr的去除率可达79％，氨氮的去除率达46％：重金属的去除率为53％～98％。     

Sulfate reduction behavior in pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone

Attention should be paid to the sulfate reduction behavior in a pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. In this study, within the relative pressure range of 0–0.6 MPa, the ambient temperature with the highest sulfate reduction rate of 50°C was selected to explore the difference in sulfate reduction behavior in a pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. The results showed that the sulfate reduction rate might further increase with an increase in pressure; however, owing to the effect of pressure increase, the generated hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) could not be released on time, thereby decreasing its highest concentration by approximately 85%, and the duration extended to about two times that of the atmospheric pressure. Microbial community structure and functional gene abundance analyses showed that the community distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria was significantly affected by pressure conditions, and there was a negative correlation between disulfide reductase B (dsrB) gene abundance and H₂S release rate. Other sulfate reduction processes that do not require disulfide reductase A (dsrA) and dsrB genes may be the key pathways affecting the sulfate reduction rate in the pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. This study improves the understanding of sulfate reduction in landfills as well as provides a theoretical basis for the operation and management of landfills.     

工业循环水节水新思路

就不同源水水质浓缩倍数提高至5～6运行的可行性及影响浓缩倍数达到5～6的主要因素进行了分析，对不同零排污的含义进行了阐述，提出了循环水节水新思路。     

苏州七子山垃圾填埋场渗沥液设计水质的估算

在对垃圾填埋场渗沥液污染物的转化、溶出规律分析的基础上，建立了污染物溶出模式和污染物负荷计算模式，并结合苏州七子山垃圾填埋场的实际情况，确定了其渗沥液在不同条件下的水质。研究表明，在填埋场填埋稳定期的枯水期和丰水期的ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５浓度分别为２７．２４～４０．８６ｍｇ／ｌ、１３．１７～１９．７５ｍｇ／ｌ和１３．４６～２０．２１ｍｇ／ｌ、６．５１～９．７７ｇ／ｌ；在填埋场封场后枯水期和丰水期的ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５分别为４．８８～７．３３ｇ／１、２．３６～３．５４ｇ／ｌ和２．２２～３．３４ｇ／ｌ、１．０８～１．６１７ｇ／ｌ。     

铬渣中Cr^6＋的溶出特性研究

研究了铬渣中C_r~(6+)的溶出特性。研究表明,铬渣遇水会溶出碱性物质和C_r~(6+)。反复浸出时,其累积溶出负荷持续上升。这表明在碱性条件下,C_r~(3+)易被氧化为C_r~(6+)而溶出。在淋溶初期,其溶出量很高;随后,迅速降低;当C_r~(6+)浓度达到100mg/l以后,下降缓慢。研究得到,C_r~(6+)累积溶出负荷,与流出液体积呈显著对数相关。     

Degradation of refractory organics in concentrated leachate by the Fenton process: Central composite design for process optimization

• 90% total COD, 95.3% inert COD and 97.2% UV₂₅₄ were removed. • High R² values (over 95%) for all responses were obtained with CCD. • Operational cost was calculated to be 0.238 €/g COD_removed for total COD removal. • Fenton oxidation was highly-efficient method for inert COD removal. • BOD₅/COD ratio of leachate concentrate raised from 0.04 to 0.4. The primary aim of this study is inert COD removal from leachate nanofiltration concentrate because of its high concentration of resistant organic pollutants. Within this framework, this study focuses on the treatability of leachate nanofiltration concentrate through Fenton oxidation and optimization of process parameters to reach the maximum pollutant removal by using response surface methodology (RSM). Initial pH, Fe²⁺ concentration, H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ molar ratio and oxidation time are selected as the independent variables, whereas total COD, color, inert COD and UV₂₅₄ removal are selected as the responses. According to the ANOVA results, the R² values of all responses are found to be over 95%. Under the optimum conditions determined by the model (pH: 3.99, Fe²⁺: 150 mmol/L, H₂O₂/Fe²⁺: 3.27 and oxidation time: 84.8 min), the maximum COD removal efficiency is determined as 91.4% by the model. The color, inert COD and UV₂₅₄ removal efficiencies are determined to be 99.9%, 97.2% and 99.5%, respectively, by the model, whereas the total COD, color, inert COD and UV₂₅₄ removal efficiencies are found respectively to be 90%, 96.5%, 95.3% and 97.2%, experimentally under the optimum operating conditions. The Fenton process improves the biodegradability of the leachate NF concentrate, increasing the BOD₅/COD ratio from the value of 0.04 to the value of 0.4. The operational cost of the process is calculated to be 0.238 €/g COD_removed. The results indicate that the Fenton oxidation process is an efficient and economical technology in improvement of the biological degradability of leachate nanofiltration concentrate and in removal of resistant organic pollutants.     

长江下游典型硫铁矿集采区矿山地质环境现状分析

文章在对长江下游铜陵硫铁矿集中开采区矿山地质环境系统调查的基础上,分析阐述了主要矿山地质环境问题及其成因、分布特征,其中地面塌陷、含水层破坏和水土污染较为严重;结合矿山地质环境现状、保护治理政策及成效,分析预测了矿山地质环境问题的发展趋势,为矿山地质环境恢复治理提供了基础支撑作用。     

Attenuation of landfill leachate by UK Triassic sandstone aquifer materials: 2. Sorption and degradation of organic pollutants in laboratory columns

The sorption and degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and 13 organic micropollutants (BTEX, aromatic hydrocarbons, chloro-aromatic and -aliphatic compounds, and pesticides) in acetogenic and methanogenic landfill leachate was studied in laboratory columns containing Triassic sandstone aquifer materials from the English Midlands. Solute sorption and degradation relationships were evaluated using a simple transport model. Relative to predictions, micropollutant sorption was decreased up to eightfold in acetogenic leachate, but increased up to sixfold in methanogenic leachate. This behaviour reflects a combination of interactions between the micropollutants, leachate DOM and aquifer mineral fraction. Sorption of DOM was not significant. Degradation of organic fractions occurred under Mn-reducing and SO₄-reducing conditions. Degradation of some micropollutants occurred exclusively under Mn-reducing conditions. DOM and benzene were not significantly degraded under the conditions and time span (up to 280 days) of the experiments. Most micropollutants were degraded immediately or after a lag phase (32–115 days). Micropollutant degradation rates varied considerably (half-lives of 8 to >2000 days) for the same compounds (e.g., TeCE) in different experiments, and for compounds (e.g., naphthalene, DCB and TeCA) within the same experiment. Degradation of many micropollutants was both simultaneous and sequential, and inhibited by the utilisation of different substrates. This mechanism, in combination with lag phases, controls micropollutant degradation potential in these systems more than the degradation rate. These aquifer materials have a potentially large capacity for in situ bioremediation of organic pollutants in landfill leachate and significant degradation may occur in the Mn-reducing zones of leachate plumes. However, degradation of organic pollutants in acetogenic leachate may be limited in aquifers with low pH buffering capacity and reducible Mn oxides. Contaminants in this leachate present a greater risk to groundwater resources in these aquifers than methanogenic leachate.