成都市道路积尘中全氟化合物的污染特征及暴露风险评估

为了解成都市道路积尘中全氟化合物(PFASs)的污染特征及人群暴露风险,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了成都市道路积尘中12种PFASs的含量水平.成都市道路积尘中PFASs的含量为0. 95～111 ng·g~(-1),平均含量为(25. 6±37. 2)ng·g~(-1),说明存在较大的空间差异性.主干道路上PFASs的总含量显著高于支干道路,支干道路市区含量高于郊区含量.解放路一段、金牛坝路及水碾河路段主要的全氟化合物为全氟丁烷羧酸(PFBA),比例高达95%.而其它道路中主要的PFASs为全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA,24. 8%)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS,24. 1%),说明不同区域PFASs的污染源存在较大差异.成都市儿童和成人通过道路积尘摄入的PFASs分别为0. 168 ng·(kg·d)-1和0. 028 ng·(kg·d)-1,说明儿童暴露风险高于成人,应加强对儿童健康风险的关注.另外,根据欧盟推荐的每日最大耐受量,道路积尘中PFOS和PFOA的暴露量不会对成都市居民造成即时伤害.     

沥青路面环境问题浅谈

简要分析公路沥青路面在建设期、使用期和服务期满后存在的主要环境问题,并论述各种环境问题产生的原因、危害及其简单的处理方法和措施.     

用于道路环境影响综合评价的基于GIS的图形叠置法

利用地理信息系统先进功能，结合图形叠置法和矩阵法的优点，提出基于GIS的图形叠置法，综合分析道路周围环境的敏感程度和道路对环境的影响程度，用于道路环境影响的综合评价、道路规划和方案比选，并以示例说明。     

公路项目环评中公众参与存在的问题与对策

从公众参与的理论基础出发，就当前公路建设项目环评中公众参与工作存在的问题进行了论述，提出了改进对策．从而使环境影响评价的对策更具全面性、合理性和可操作性。     

Monitoring in Building Road Tunnel Across Coal Measures

<正>In some cases coal measures, goaf, big caves, and huge faults, as well as high initial stress cannot be avoided in road tunnel excavation. These geological features may make it more difficul practical tunnel construction. So it is necessary to take strong precautious measures against gas outburst, water bursting and roof fall in a tunnel across coal measures with risk of gas outburst. The techniques, such as advance drilling exploration, multiple-cycle shallow depth hole controlled blasting, reinforced supporting, which include concrete grouting and twice supporting, and monitoring measures are often applied in the construction of tunnels and satisfied results are achieved. Results in this paper can help others to get experiences in road tunnel construction with similar geological features.     

公路环境影响评价中几个水环境问题的探讨

对公路项目环境影响评价中存在的几个水环境问题进行了探讨。(1)对公路生活污水源强的计算方法及相关参数的取值进行了分析讨论，认为计算施工营地与公路服务区等附属生活污水源强时，应根据不同地域、不同的卫生设备状况选择不同的用水定额、折减系数及污染物浓度。(2)公路应尽量避绕环境法规禁止通过的区域，如生活饮用水源地一级保护区、自然保护区的核心区和缓冲区等。(3)公路经过环境法规禁止排放污水的区域，如生活饮用水源地二级保护区等区域时，应采取措施限制施工废水及公路附属设施污水的排放，对路面径流排水建议允许做适当处理后排放。     

西部山区道路建设毁损土地的退化及其环境效应Ⅱ.川藏公路典型路段地区的土壤退化与土壤系统分类

中国西部大开发,道路工程建设迅速发展。但对道路周边的环境影响较大。引起土地退化较为严重。从土壤系统分类上研究了道路工程毁损土壤类型演化特征。与未受道路工程影响的土壤进行比较研究表明:道路工程毁损土壤,在剖面形态和特性上有很大的变化。土壤在诊断层和诊断特性上已有所不同。以土壤系统分类可看出,道路工程毁损引起严重的土壤退化,可在土壤高级分类单元上即体现出明显的演化特征。采用土壤系统分类制研究土地退化,比土壤发生分类制更有优势。     

天津市区道路地表径流污染特征研究

从实际地表径流水质实地监测和实验室分析出发,理论与实践相结合,揭示了天津市区道路地表径流主要污染物的相关性及不同污染物随降雨历时动态变化规律,全年道路地表径流水质季节变化规律,全面剖析了天津市区降雨径流的污染特征,并由此提出相应的处理措施和合理化建议,为天津城市雨水污染控制提供了基础研究。     

城市灰尘PAHs累积与迁移过程的影响因素研究

以上海市为例,探讨了城市中心城区地表灰尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)累积与迁移过程的影响因素.结果表明,粒度只是影响城市灰尘吸附PAHs的一个次要因子,与PAHs含量之间没有明显的相关关系.城市灰尘TOC与PAHs含量显著正相关(冬季r=0.62,p＜0.000 1;夏季r=0.55,p=0.002),说明对于城市地表灰尘而言,有机质的含量越高,其吸收PAHs的能力就越强,这种结果与理论上PAHs的憎水亲脂性相一致.风向能够直接影响PAHs在空间上的分布趋势,污染源下风向的地区更容易累积较多的PAHs,且距离污染源越近,污染程度越重,相反,污染源上风向的地区则不利于PAHs的累积,污染程度较轻.夏季最高值出现在西北城区,含量为27 766 ng·g-1,冬季最高值出现在南部和东部城区,含量分别为30 741 ng·g-1和32 573 ng·g-1.大城市中心区存在PAHs污染的"空心效应".温度是影响城市灰尘PAHs累积与迁移的重要气象参数.     

Road traffic injury in sub-Saharan African countries: A systematic review and summary of observational studies

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate, through a systematic review of hospital-based studies, the proportion of road traffic injuries and fatalities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

Methods: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, we searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Africa-Wide Information, Global Health, and Web of Science. Articles were eligible if they measured proportion of road traffic injuries (RTIs) in SSA by using hospital-based studies. In addition, a reference and citation analysis was conducted as well as a data quality assessment.

Results: Up to 2015, there were a total of 83 hospital-based epidemiologic studies, including 310,660 trauma patients and 99,751 RTI cases, in 13 SSA countries. The median proportion of RTIs among trauma patients was 32% (4 to 91%), of which the median proportion of death for the included articles was 5% (0.3 to 41%).

Conclusion: The number of studies evaluating RTI proportions and fatalities in SSA countries is increasing but without the exponential rise expected from World Health Organization calls for research during the Decade of Action for Road Traffic Injuries. Further research infrastructure including standardization of taxonomy, definitions, and data reporting measures, as well as funding, would allow for improved cross-country comparisons.