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181.
McDuff MD 《Environmental management》2001,27(5):715-727
Stakeholder participation has become a key factor in the success of grassroots conservation and natural resource management
programs. Yet the majority of program evaluations are conducted by external consultants for the purposes of accountability,
rather than program improvement. Too often, systematic evaluations of conservation programs are not conducted at all. The
objective of this study was to build the capacity of a grassroots conservation organization to conduct participatory evaluation, involving project stakeholders in the design, implementation, and use of evaluation. The study applied a conceptual
model for participatory evaluation to the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya (WCK), the largest grassroots conservation program for youth
in Africa, involving more than one million youth since 1968.
Seven trainings in participatory evaluation were conducted with WCK staff, teachers, and community members. The 120 participants,
representing nine WCK regions with 800 clubs, showed a significant increase in attitudes and knowledge regarding evaluation,
as reflected by mean test scores before and after training. To institutionalize evaluation at WCK, existing organizational
practices were assessed and used as a foundation for developing an evaluation system.
Based on club competitions, a new evaluation initiative was launched called the WCK Incentive Program. Participants in all
seven workshops identified indicators and sources of evidence for this evaluation system, which now serves as a basis for
rewarding outstanding performance in WCK. This study revealed the importance of incentives for evaluation, the need to build
on existing structures to promote organizational learning, and the necessity for the conservation community to commit resources
to capacity building in participatory evaluation. 相似文献
182.
Wilson K Pressey RL Newton A Burgman M Possingham H Weston C 《Environmental management》2005,35(5):527-543
Conservation planning is the process of locating and designing conservation areas to promote the persistence of biodiversity in situ. To do this, conservation areas must be able to mitigate at least some of the proximate threats to biodiversity. Information on threatening processes and the relative vulnerability of areas and natural features to these processes is therefore crucial for effective conservation planning. However, measuring and incorporating vulnerability into conservation planning have been problematic. We develop a conceptual framework of the role of vulnerability assessments in conservation planning and propose a definition of vulnerability that incorporates three dimensions: exposure, intensity, and impact. We review and categorize methods for assessing the vulnerability of areas and the features they contain and identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of each broad approach. Our review highlights the need for further development and evaluation of approaches to assess vulnerability and for comparisons of their relative effectiveness. 相似文献
183.
Linda K. Mann Patricia D. Parr Larry R. Pounds Robin L. Graham 《Environmental management》1996,20(2):207-218
Security buffers of Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Energy (DOE) reservations provide long-term habitat protection for many rare and endangered species. The importance of these government-owned reservations as nationally valuable resources has been relatively unrecognized. During the last 50 years, the DOE Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) has been a relatively protected island in a region of rapidly expanding urbanization and land clearing. Consisting of the Oak Ridge National Environmental Research Park and associated lands surrounding DOE facilities at Oak Ridge Tennessee, the unique nature of the ORR in the surrounding landscape is clearly visible from the air and has been documented using remote sensing data. Although forests dominate much of other regions of eastern Tennessee, this 15,000-ha tract of mostly natural forest habitat is unique in the southern Ridge and Valley physiographic province, which is otherwise widely developed for pasture, marginal cropland, woodlot, and urban uses. Twenty state-listed and federal-candidate plant species are known to be present on the ORR. This richness of species, which are provided protection by state and federal laws, exceeds that of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park on a species area basis and is an index of the value of the ORR both regionally and nationally in conserving biodiversity. With the end of the Cold War, changing DoD and DOE missions combined with increasing development pressure contribute to uncertainty in the future management of security reservations. 相似文献
184.
This article describes an approach to assessing spatial and temporal land-use and land-cover changes in and adjacent to protected
areas and to the measurement of landscape stability within a protected area. Methods employed include aerial photographic
interpretation and GIS technology. Odum's four-compartment ecosystem model provides the conceptual framework for assessing
landscape stability. The study area is a selected sample of the Upper San Pedro National Riparian Conservation Area in the
high desert grassland of southeastern Arizona. Significant changes were observed in the landscape matrix and riparian ecosystem.
However, when these changes were assessed in the context of Odum's model, the change was nonsignificant. Implications of the
approach and potential applications in protected area management are discussed. 相似文献
185.
Berberoglu S 《Environmental management》2003,31(3):0442-0451
The objective of this article is to propose a program for the integrated coastal zone management that is required to stimulate
and guide sustainable development of the Mediterranean coastal zone of Turkey.
Improved data collection, quality control, analysis, and data management will provide a firm basis for future scientific understanding
of the East Mediterranean coast of Turkey and will support long-term management. Various innovative procedures were proposed
for a promising ecosystem-based approach to manage coastal wetlands in the Mediterranean: remote data acquisition with new
technologies; environmental quality monitoring program that will provide a baseline for monitoring; linking a Geographic Information
System (GIS) with natural resource management decision routines in the context of operational wetlands, fisheries, tourism
management system; environmental sensitivity analysis to ensure that permitted developments are environmentally sustainable;
and use of natural species to restore the wetlands and coastal dunes and sustain the system processes. The proposed management
scheme will benefit the scientific community in the Mediterranean and the management/planning community in Eastern Turkey. 相似文献
186.
Smith JH 《Environmental management》2003,31(2):0252-0262
The BOSAWAS Natural Resource Reserve of Nicaragua was established in 1991, to protect a portion of the remaining tropical
rain forest and to promote the sustainable use of the region's resources. Information required to effectively manage the reserve
includes the extents and locations of present land-cover types and recent land-cover changes in the management use zones that
were delineated by local indigenous communities. These zones include areas designated for conservation, limited resource extraction,
agriculture, and watershed protection. Land-cover for 1986 and 1995 was identified for three of the communities from remotely
sensed images and then input into a geographic information system database to identify land-cover types within these management
use zones. For both dates of the analysis, advanced forest was the dominant land cover, with the conservation zones entirely
forested. The amount of both agricultural land and scrub/early secondary forest increased between the two dates, with much
of these land-cover classes occurring in the agriculture zones. Conflicts between the land-cover present and designated use
were identified in some of the limited-use buffer and watershed protection zones. Changes between 1986 and 1995 were identified
by overlaying the two land-cover data sets. Three change processes were identified as occurring: deforestation, reforestation,
and reconversion. Changes were concentrated in the agriculture zones but were found to occur in every type of zone, except
for conservation. The results of this study will establish baseline information for the future management of the BOSAWAS Reserve,
an important component in uniting conservation areas along the Central American isthmus. 相似文献
187.
Luis Antonio Bojórquez-Tapia Patricia Balvanera Alfredo D. Cuarón 《Environmental management》1994,18(5):775-785
An important goal of biological inventories is to provide information for environmental assessments of development projects
and biodiversity conservation. Likewise, computer data bases have been proposed for efficient compilation and management of
biological information. However, the attributes of biological inventories and computer data bases have not been examined with
respect to environmental assessments. This article presents a case study in Mexico to analyze the current limitations of biological
inventories for successful environmental assessments and biodiversity conservation in developing countries. Results demonstrate
that, considering the objectives of environmental assessments and information constraints, computerized biological inventories
should be assembled with a minimum of record fields: taxonomic data and georeferenced collection localities. Furthermore,
it is proposed that environmental assessments should become a feedback to biological inventories and an important financial
support to universities and research institutions in developing countries. 相似文献
188.
Nodes,networks, and MUMs: Preserving diversity at all scales 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
The present focus of practical conservation efforts is limited in scope. This narrowness results in an inability to evaluate and manage phenomena that operate at large spatiotemporal scales. Whereas real ecological phenomena function in a space-time mosaic across a full hierarchy of biological entities and processes, current conservation strategies address a limited spectrum of this complexity. Conservation typically is static (time-limited), concentrates on the habitat content rather than the landscape context of protected areas, evaluates relatively homogeneous communities instead of heterogeneous landscapes, and directs attention to particular species populations and/or the aggregate statistic of species diversity. Insufficient attention has been given to broad ecological patterns and processes and to the conservation of species in natural relative abundance patterns (native diversity).The authors present a conceptual scheme that evaluates not only habitat content within protected areas, but also the landscape context in which each preserve exists. Nodes of concentrated ecological value exist in each landscape at all levels in the biological hierarchy. Integration of these high-quality nodes into a functional network is possible through the establishment of a system of interconnected multiple-use modules (MUMs). The MUM network protects and buffers important ecological entities and phenomena, while encouraging movement of individuals, species, nutrients, energy, and even habitat patches across space and time. An example is presented for the southeastern USA (south Georgia-north Florida), that uses riparian and coastal corridors to interconnect existing protected areas. This scheme will facilitate reintroduction and preservation of wide-ranging species such as the Florida panther, and help reconcile species-level and ecosystem-level conservation approaches. 相似文献
189.
Hugh Clout 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1984,27(2):84-92
Over the past thirty years Bordeaux's politicians and planners have played critical roles in both changing and conserving the inner environments of one of France's most attractive provincial cities. A succession of urban policies has been implemented to attempt to halt depopulation, economic decline and environmental degradation in the inner city. These policies reflect changing emphasis in national planning for urban areas and have ranged from slum clearance and total renovation in the Mériadeck district, to a recent more socially aware set of approaches that attempt to rehabilitate inner‐city housing and promote neighbourhood well‐being in the district of Saint Michel. Investment in architectural conservation continues apace and both private and public capital is being directed to improving housing stock in the inner city. Attempts to revitalise economic activities have achieved modest success but more socially orientated policies prove difficult to implement. 相似文献
190.
In those states that have not included CWM as hazardous materials in their RCRA programs, the RCRA requirements for management
of hazardous waste would not strictly apply to any of the CWM. The Army has historically implemented procedures requiring
that chemical warfare agents be managed as RCRA hazardous waste regardless of the concentration, physical form, or configuration
of the agent. Such application of strict hazardous waste requirements to management of potentially nonhazardous CWM can result
in remedial costs well out of proportion to potential human health and environmental benefits. Recent development of chronic
toxicity values for the CWM has opened the door for development of cleanup and waste management standards for waste streams
or media containing small residual amounts of CWM. Implementation of this health-based approach to management of CWM remediation
wastes may, in part, help to reduce potentially unnecessary hazardous waste management costs for the nonhazardous CWM. 相似文献