构建湿地系统水力学参数的设计模型研究

构建湿地污水处理系统的水力学参数对于其功能的发挥起着非常重要的作用。在探讨构建湿地主要水力学设计参数的基础上,根据描述构建湿地污染物去除的几类机理模型:一级动力学模型、连续完全混合反应器模型、Monod动力学模型、Ergun公式以及对流-弥散模型,分别导出了相应的构建湿地污水处理系统水力学设计参数的计算模型并分析了不同设计模型的特点。     

复合人工湿地系统对生活污水的净化效果

将垂直流人工湿地与水平流人工湿地组成复合人工湿地系统,研究了此复合系统对化粪池出水的净化效果。结果表明,当水平流人工湿地的水力停留时间为3d天时,复合系统对COD、BOD5、TP的去除率分别达到73％、66％、87％,并通过垂直流湿地的硝化作用及水平流湿地的反硝化作用,复合系统对TN的去除率达到40％以上。     

潜流人工湿地系统停留时间分布与N、P浓度空间变化

通过人工湿地小试装置,研究了风车草和香蒲水平潜流人工湿地处理富营养化养殖水体过程中水力停留时间分布（RTD）特征和系统内N、P浓度空间变化规律.结果表明,供试的香蒲潜流湿地和风车草潜流湿地系统RTD曲线特征值σ²分别为0.324 6和0.410 8,表明水流流态介于推流与混合流之间,风车草潜流湿地系统RTD曲线较香蒲潜流湿地平滑,水流混合流动程度较弱. 2种植物类型湿地床体总氮（TN）和氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）浓度在垂直方向上的分层现象明显,尤其在湿地床体前端;TN浓度随着取样点深度增加而上升,而NH⁺₄-N浓度则以中层取样点为最低;对于总磷（TP）和正磷酸盐（PO^3-₄-P）浓度, 2种植物类型湿地系统内均表现为随取样点深度增加而上升,但这种差异随沿程而降低. 与香蒲湿地相比较,风车草潜流湿地系统N、P浓度分层现象更为明显.风车草湿地系统后端各层取样点TN和TP平均浓度较香蒲湿地系统分别下降了19.8%和12.3%,说明风车草潜流湿地系统对富营养化养殖水体中氮、磷的去除效果优于香蒲湿地.     

“水解酸化—预曝气—人工湿地”处理生活污水的试验研究

试验研究了"水解酸化-预曝气-人工湿地"组合工艺对农村生活污水的处理效果,结果表明系统对COD、BOD5、TN、NH3-N、TP去除率分别为75%~85%8、8%~91%、54%~67%、75%~87%8、8%~94%。该工艺操作简易,处理效果好,符合村镇生活污水处理的需求。     

土地利用变化对湿地景观连通性的影响及连通性优化效应——以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例

土地利用与土地覆盖变化对湿地景观的结构和功能产生深刻的影响。选择江苏盐城海滨地区为研究对象,应用遥感和地理信息系统技术,分析20年来土地利用变化对湿地景观连通性的影响,并以2007年湿地景观生态系统服务功能为基础,采用阻力面模型探讨湿地景观连通性优化途径及其效应。结果显示:①1987—2007年间,盐城海滨区域土地利用结构变化显著。其中耕地面积比重由36.72%上升为46.17%,自然湿地持续减少,面积由44.4%减为26.01%,人工湿地持续增加,面积由9.96%上升为18.72%;②随着区域人类土地利用活动的加强,光滩、碱蓬沼泽和芦苇沼泽的空间连通性降低,区域土地利用导致湿地景观之间生态流阻隔,景观生态服务功能减弱;③2007年湿地景观生态功能强度空间差异显著,以累积耗费距离面、生态源地、耗费路径为依据,对湿地景观连通路径优化结果表明,废黄河口和大丰港附近等关键区域对景观连通性和生态流影响最大,是景观生态节点优化的首要对象;④加强连通路径的关键区域优化、提高景观连通度是实现景观优化的关键。     

不同人工湿地组合净化生活污水效果研究

设计了垂直流＋水平流、水平流＋垂直流、单一水平、单一垂直等4组不同结构的人工湿地组合,研究其对生活污水的净化效果。结果表明：4组人工湿地对CODCr,TP的去除率分别达到80%,70%左右;对TN的去除,垂直＋水平单元去除率最高,为44.30%。     

Evaluation of SWAT Impoundment Modeling Methods in Water and Sediment Simulations

Worldwide studies show 80%–90% of all sediments eroded from watersheds is trapped within river networks such as reservoirs, ponds, and wetlands. To represent the impact of impoundments on sediment routing in watershed modeling, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) developers recommend to model reservoirs, ponds, and wetlands using impoundment tools (ITs). This study evaluates performance of SWAT ITs in the modeling of a small, agricultural watershed dominated by lakes and wetlands. The study demonstrates how to incorporate impoundments into the SWAT model, and discusses and evaluates involved parameters. The study then recommends an appropriate calibration sequence, i.e., landscape parameters calibration, followed by pond/wetlands calibration, then channel parameter calibrations, and lastly, reservoir parameter calibration. Results of this study demonstrate not following SWAT recommendation regarding modeling water land use as an impoundment depreciates SWAT performance, and may lead to misplaced calibration efforts and model over‐calibration. Further, the chosen method to model impoundments’ outflow significantly impacts sediment loads in the watershed, while streamflow simulation is not very sensitive. This study also allowed calculation of mass accumulation rates in modeled impoundments where the annual mass accumulation rate in wetlands (2.3 T/ha/yr) was 39% higher than mass accumulation rate in reservoirs (1.4 T/ha/yr).     

Runoff Storage Potential of Drained Upland Depressions on the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa

We present estimates of the volumetric storage capacities of currently drained upland depressions and catchment depressional specific storage and runoff storage indices for the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa (DML‐IA) subregion of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Storage capacities were determined using hydrologically enforced Light Detection and Ranging‐derived digital elevation models, and a unique geoprocessing algorithm. Depressional specific storage was estimated for each 12‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC12) watershed in the region from total catchment‐specific depressional storage volume and catchment area. Runoff storage indices were calculated using catchment depressional specific storage values and estimates of the amount of rainfall likely to fall within each watershed during sub‐annual and 1‐, 2‐, 5‐, and 10‐year 24‐h events. The 173,171 identified drained depressions in the DML‐IA can store up to 903.5 Mm³ of runoff. Most of this capacity is in depressions located in the north of the region. Specific storage varies from nearly 109 mm in the younger landscapes to <10 mm in older more eroded areas. For 95% of the HUC12 watersheds comprising the region, depressional storage will likely be exhausted by rainfall‐derived runoff in excess of a 1‐year 24‐h event. Rainfall amounts greater than a 5‐year 24‐h event will exceed all available depressional storage. Therefore, the capacity of drained depressions in the DML‐IA to mitigate flooding resulting from infrequent, but large, storm events is limited.     

Physical and Chemical Connectivity of Streams and Riparian Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Synthesis

Streams, riparian areas, floodplains, alluvial aquifers, and downstream waters (e.g., large rivers, lakes, and oceans) are interconnected by longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of water, other materials, and energy. Collectively, these interconnected waters are called fluvial hydrosystems. Physical and chemical connectivity within fluvial hydrosystems is created by the transport of nonliving materials (e.g., water, sediment, nutrients, and contaminants) which either do or do not chemically change (chemical and physical connections, respectively). A substantial body of evidence unequivocally demonstrates physical and chemical connectivity between streams and riparian wetlands and downstream waters. Streams and riparian wetlands are structurally connected to downstream waters through the network of continuous channels and floodplain form that make these systems physically contiguous, and the very existence of these structures provides strong geomorphologic evidence for connectivity. Functional connections between streams and riparian wetlands and their downstream waters vary geographically and over time, based on proximity, relative size, environmental setting, material disparity, and intervening units. Because of the complexity and dynamic nature of connections among fluvial hydrosystem units, a complete accounting of the physical and chemical connections and their consequences to downstream waters should aggregate over multiple years to decades.     

人工湿地在天津生态城水系构建中的应用建议研究

人工湿地技术融合基质、植物、微生物及工程构造为一体,通过物理、化学、生物、生态过程的综合作用,可以对低污染水具有良好的净化效果.在总结该技术主要工程形式、应用研究进展及常见问题的基础上,结合天津生态城水环境建设现状,以景观水体水质保持为核心目标,提出了人工湿地系统多途径多层次技术的应用方案,形成以大型人工湿地工程为依托的水系构建总体工程方案,这样就可以为该技术在黑臭水体治理及海绵城市建设领域的广泛应用提供参考依据.