石油资源流动空间结构的要素解析

石油资源横向流动是以源地、汇地、中转交流地及其间的运输通道为构架的资源空间运移系统,具有显著的空间特征。为解决现有的资源流动空间结构研究中,研究对象及其内涵各异,且相互不成体系的问题,论文以石油资源横向流动为例,借鉴哈格特的空间结构认知模式,将石油资源流动的空间结构系统地解析为流动节点、流动关系、通道网络和流场四大要素,并分别对其空间内涵、特征、意义以及研究重点与相应方法进行分析,进而探讨了其对于资源流动机制与流动优化研究的促进作用,从而使得石油资源流动空间结构的研究体系更加系统、严密,并可为其他资源的流动研究提供借鉴。     

Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (Ganges ecotype) response to increasing levels of dissolved cadmium and zinc

Hyperaccumulation of metals by plants involves at least three processes: efficient absorption by roots, efficient root-to-shoot translocation and hypertolerance through internal detoxification. In this study, Thlaspi caerulescens was separately exposed to Cd and Zn at 0, 50, 100 and 200 μ M for 7 d to monitor plant responses in hydroponics. Significant dose-dependent accumulation was observed for both metals, mainly in roots (up to 3.2 and 9.2 mg g ^?1 for Cd and Zn, respectively). However, Cd was more phytotoxic in terms of plant growth and photosynthesis. This higher toxicity was also evidenced by MetPLATE bioassay. Root exudation was significantly correlated to Cd and Zn translocation (r>0.85) proving its involvement in facilitating metal uptake. As for antioxidative responses, plants reacted to Cd and Zn by broadly exhibiting an elevation of glutathione reductase activity before declining at 200 μ M due to higher phytotoxicity. By contrast, superoxide dismutase activity was unlikely to be affected by both metals. Root-to-shoot apoplastic flow was traced using a fluorescent dye (trisodium-8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid; PTS), whose concentration in leaves increased to a certain extent with Cd and Zn accumulation, indicating that heavy metals have a comparable effect to drought or salinity in promoting the passive diffusion of water and solutes. Nevertheless, Cd at 200 μ M hindered the diffusion of PTS and consequently affected the apoplastic transport in plants.     

强震区小流域泥石流发育特征研究——以四川省绵竹市罗家沟泥石流为例

小流域泥石流因流域面积小,常被人们忽略或未引起足够的重视,却往往造成较大灾害损失;2010年8月13日绵竹市清平乡罗家沟暴发泥石流,一次冲出量约30万m3,而该沟流域面积仅1.4 km2;此次泥石流造成主沟沟口民房被掩埋,1.5 km的道路被毁,3座涵洞、一座小桥被冲毁,并使绵远河改道约200 m左右,直接经济损失约500万.根据现场调查和航空图像解译,分析了泥石流成因,讨论了泥石流形成、运动和堆积过程,并计算了泥石流的力学参数;罗家沟泥石流的实例表明汶川震区小流域泥石流具有较强的隐蔽性和破坏力.因此,在对汶川震区泥石流开展调查和评估工作时,尤其应注意小流域泥石流调查工作,必要时应进行相应的工程治理措施.     

Green synthesis and characterization of metal ions-mixed titania for application in dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract

The objective of the present study is to synthesize various metal ions mixed TiO₂ nanoparticles using a continuous hydrothermal synthesis pilot reactor for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In the pilot plant, aqueous solutions of the metal salts are mixed with a flow of supercritical water (450?°C and 24.1?MPa) in a confined jet mixer for continuous synthesis of metal ions-mixed nano-titania. Characterization of the particles was made using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller technique for specific surface area, powder X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy for identification and crystallite size, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface analysis and infrared spectroscopy for distinct group identification. Following the already existing procedures and using the titanates synthesized, dye-sensitized cells of 1?cm² area were assembled and their photovoltaic parameters were evaluated under standard test conditions. The power conversion efficiencies (η %) for 40?mol % Zn²⁺, 5?mol % Zr⁴⁺ and 10?mol % Zn⁴⁺ titania were obtained to be 4.8, 4.95 and 4.9, respectively. The promising efficiency results from a greener and large-scale production of nano-titania is a step forward towards commercializing DSC technology.     

Sustainable design of sanitation system based on material and value flow analysis for urban slum in Indonesia

Material flow analysis (MFA) and value flow analysis (VFA) were applied to the sanitation system in an urban slum in Indonesia. Based on the results of the MFA and VFA, garbage and excreta disposal costs were evaluated to be 0.7% and 1.1%, respectively, of per capita income. Such value flows seem reasonable in light of the recognized affordability to pay (ATP) standard. However, current excreta disposal methods create negative impacts on downstream populations. Because such disadvantages do not go back to disposers, but passed to downstream, the current value flow structure does not motivate individual toilet users to install treatment facility. Based on current material and value flow structures, a resource recycling sanitation system scenario was examined. Based on VFA, an affordable initial cost for such a system was calculated; this was found to be comparable in price to a cheaper composting toilet that is currently available in the market.     

滑脱流动影响的低渗储层甲烷运移采出规律研究

为了达到低渗储层甲烷抽采过程甲烷采井优化设计和产能准确预测的目的,基于现场测井数据,采用非线性流体数值计算方法,以柳林煤层甲烷试验采区为例,对滑脱流动影响的煤层甲烷采场压力非线性分布和产能预测进行研究。数值计算结果表明:低渗储层甲烷运移采出受气体滑脱流动影响显著,考虑滑脱流动影响时,采场压力衰减区域变大,气体速率变快;对比测井产能历史拟合数据发现,计算所得的滑脱流动影响的产能预测值更加准确。由计算结果验证了单井开采具有采场压力影响范围较小,产能较低等缺点,并得出五采出四压裂的布井方式是既能够准确预测产能又能够更好避免井间干扰效应的最优布井方式。     

考虑优先权的人群安全疏散动态模型

为制定合理、高效的应急状况下建筑物内人群疏散方案,考虑拥堵对人流速度的影响及疏散中不同人员特点,对建筑物内人群疏散动态实时分配问题进行研究。首先,采用元胞传输理论将建筑物内复杂的结构转化为元胞—连接桥路网模型,进而以最短疏散时间为目标函数、元胞流量守恒和流量传播为约束条件建立线性优化模型。通过对模型的求解可以得到不同优先级人员的网络清空时间、各路段实时人员数量及路径选择最优方案。案例分析结果表明,疏散过程中人员的优先级差异以及拥堵的发生均会影响不同人员的网络清空时间,因此,针对建筑物内人群疏散进行建模时,应考虑以上因素。     

运输设备对巷道火灾烟气流动的影响

为了研究运输设备对巷道火灾中温度场及烟气流动的影响,本文采用火灾模拟软件FDS考察了两种通风速度情况下运输设备对水平巷道火灾中烟气流动的影响,并将结果进行分析比较。结果表明:与空旷巷道相比,障碍巷道内的烟气沉降较快,运输设备会使得烟流在水平方向上的迁移加快,当其位于火源右侧时;与高通风速度的巷道相比,低风速情况下运输设备对巷道温度分布影响更明显,高温区集中分布在火源与设备之间;另外运输设备会对巷道内的气流速度分布产生较大影响,巷道局部一段区域内气流速度呈现分布不均的现象。     

低渗非达西多相渗流的数值模拟分析

从低渗介质渗透率与压力梯度的关系出发建立数值模型,修正已有数值模拟器的渗透率项进行功能扩展,并给出计算实例.结果表明,在其他条件相同情况下,启动压力梯度越大,相同时间内的累积采油量、累积注水量越小,反之越大.启动压力梯度越大,渗流规律越偏离达西定律.本文建立的模型比传统模型更能准确反映低渗介质中的渗流特征.     

泥石流源地土壤团聚体抗蚀特征研究--以蒋家沟为例

土壤团聚体的抗蚀性特征对土壤侵蚀的影响已经受到国内外学者的广泛关注,但还未见有泥石流源地土壤团聚体与抗蚀性研究的报道。本文通过对蒋家沟泥石流源地典型剖面土壤团聚体抗蚀性研究,发现由于受山地垂直性气候的影响,该区土壤团聚体抗蚀性与海拔呈协同性变化规律,随着海拔的增加,年降雨量增加,植被覆盖增加,土壤持水量、有机质等胶结物质相对增加,土壤结构相对较好,稳定性好,土壤抗蚀能力增强,水土流失相对变弱。