Effect of fluid concentration in titanium machining with an atomization-based cutting fluid (ACF) spray system

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of metal-working fluid (MWF) concentration on the machining responses including tool life and wear, cutting force, friction coefficient, chip morphology, and surface roughness during the machining of titanium with the use of the ACF spray system. Five different concentrations from 5 to 15% of a water-soluble metalworking fluid (MWF) were applied during turning of a titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V. The thermo-physical properties such as viscosity, surface tension and thermal conductivity of these concentrations were also measured. The test results demonstrate that the tool life first extends with the increase in MWF concentration and then drops with further increase. At low concentration (e.g., 5%), a lack of the lubrication effect causes to increase in a higher friction at the tool–chip interface resulting in severe chipping and tool nose/flank wear within a short machining time. On the other hand, at high concentration, the cooling effect is less. This increases cutting temperature and a faster thermal softening/chipping/notching of the tool material and higher friction at the tool–chip–workpiece interaction zones resulting in early tool failure. A good balance between the cooling and the lubrication effects seems to be found at the 10% MWF concentration as it offers the best machining performance. However, machining with flood coolant is observed to perform the best in the range of 5–7%.     

节水减排成套技术在炼化生产中的应用

介绍九江分公司炼化生产中的节水减排工作情况。通过合理的系统划分，优化机泵冷却水设计，清污分流，对不同水质的工艺冷凝液实施处理与回用，并结合提高循环水运行浓缩倍数以减少系统补充水量，回用正洗水以降低除盐水自耗水量等措施，实现全厂节水减排的目标。     

应用AAP塔芯新技术改造冷却塔

介绍了洛阳石化总厂供水车间三循 2 # 冷却塔应用 AAP塔芯新技术改造情况 ,从运行观察和测试结果表明 ,改造后2 # 塔的水处理能力提高了 1 0 0 % ,经济效益显著。     

论冷却塔的技术优化

论述了冷却塔塔型优化和逆流冷却塔塔体优化的途径 ,提出了进水温度和填料高度对淋水填料性能影响的数学模型 ,确立了冷却塔优化的目标函数     

循环冷却水处理技术的现状与发展

对石油化工行业循环冷却水处理技术的现状与发展进行了综述和研讨，并从冷却水技术面临的新挑战，冷却水处理药剂的开发、提高浓缩倍数、提高操作运转水平等四个方面做了详细论述。     

Generic scenario for the impact of cooling lubricants into the hydrosphere

According to directive 93/67/EEC of the European Commission, this paper deals with the generic exposition evaluation of the environmental concentration of cooling Lubricant chemicals from the metal working industry into the hydrosphere. After considering the relevant life-cycle steps and the selection of a representative point source for the 'reasonable worst case', the emission per day Elocal(water) is determined. It leads to the predicted environmental concentration (PEClocal(water)) for the local stage in the compartment water. In order to gain the PEClocal(water) for an example--a corrosion inhibitor as additive in a cooling lubricant--, the relevant emission paths and the corresponding representative point source are described for the reasonable worst case. For non-water-miscible cooling lubricants, none of the operations in the life cycle leads to a release into the compartment water. To evaluate the hazard potential for cooling lubricant chemicals, the complete risk assessment has to be done. Also, the assessment has to be done for all high production volume chemicals, new substances and existing hazard chemicals. This means that even industrial categories like chemicals used in the textile industry or biocides and others have to be evaluated.     

Developing CO2 Emission Parameters to Measure the Environmental Impact on Cooling Applications

This study examines parametric approaches to the calculation of refrigerant-based CO₂ emissions in different cooling areas. Both the exergy analyses of refrigerants, used in domestic, commercial, transportation and industrial applications, and the environmental performances regarding exergetic irreversibility are investigated separately. Then, CO₂ emissions caused by systems are examined via two different parameters, I°) Environmental Impact Factor and ??°) Integrated Impact Factor (CIF). The study is based on a vapor compression cooling cycle model, commonly preferred by cooling applications, and the analyses have been made for 1 kW cooling capacity in relation to evaporator temperatures of the systems. In all cooling application, R134A gas stands out among the others in terms of coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency. Moreover, both emission analyses show that it has the lowest emission value. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the reasons for the refrigerant choice, the design and the selection of such a system, and why exergetic and environmental parameters should be preferred.     

Fuel particles in the Chernobyl cooling pond: current state and prediction for remediation options

During the coming years, a management and remediation strategy for the Chernobyl cooling pond (CP) will be implemented. Remediation options include a controlled reduction in surface water level of the cooling pond and stabilisation of exposed sediments. In terrestrial soils, fuel particles deposited during the Chernobyl accident have now almost completely disintegrated. However, in the CP sediments the majority of ⁹⁰Sr activity is still in the form of fuel particles. Due to the low dissolved oxygen concentration and high pH, dissolution of fuel particles in the CP sediments is significantly slower than in soils. After the planned cessation of water pumping from the Pripyat River to the Pond, significant areas of sediments will be drained and exposed to the air. This will significantly enhance the dissolution rate and, correspondingly, the mobility and bioavailability of radionuclides will increase with time. The rate of acidification of exposed bottom sediments was predicted on the basis of acidification of similar soils after liming. Using empirical equations relating the fuel particle dissolution rate to soil and sediment pH allowed prediction of fuel particle dissolution and ⁹⁰Sr mobilisation for different remediation scenarios. It is shown that in exposed sediments, fuel particles will be almost completely dissolved in 15–25 years, while in parts of the cooling pond which remain flooded, fuel particle dissolution will take about a century.     

不同冷却方式下高温后圆钢管再生混凝土界面黏结性能对比分析

为研究自然冷却(自冷)和喷水冷却(水冷)两种方式对高温后圆钢管再生混凝土界面黏结性能的影响差异,以冷却方式、历经最高温度(T)和再生粗骨料取代率(r)为变化参数,设计并完成了21个试件的静力推出试验,观察了试件的破坏过程及形态,获得了荷载-滑移曲线,对比分析了不同冷却方式对高温后圆钢管再生混凝土短柱物理特征、界面破坏过程及黏结性能指标的影响。结果表明：与自冷试件相比,水冷试件的质量烧失率明显减小、初始滑移发生更晚,且在荷载-滑移曲线下降段中,水冷试件表现得更平缓。在自冷方式下,随着历经最高温度的增大,试件的界面黏结强度先减小后增大,但在水冷方式下,界面黏结强度先增大后减小;与自冷试件相比,T超过400℃后水冷试件的界面黏结刚度开始退化,在600℃时界面黏结刚度退化较大;无论是自冷还是水冷,随着历经最高温度的增大,界面黏结耗能系数不断减小。     

湘西金矿岩温变化规律的研究及其应用

阐述了在湖南省湘西金矿对岩体温度所开展的多项试验研究工作和所取得的科研成果,特别对8中段至27中段间的岩体进行了全面的岩温测定工作,经过对测试结果的分析研究,揭示了湘西金矿岩体温度的变化规律及其对环境条件的影响,预测了深部岩体的温度。为确定合理的降温方案提供了可靠的依据,在此项成果的指导下,最终采取了以通风降温为主,再结合低温岩层预冷入风流和采用局部循环的综合降温措施,降低了工程费用,取得了较好的技术经济效果。