诱导结晶法同时去除铜、锌离子

考察投药量、水力负荷、停留时间等因素,对诱导结晶反应器去除Cu2+、Zn2+效果的影响,确定最佳运行参数为：水力负荷40 m3·（m2·h）-1,结晶药剂投药量2：1,停留时间90 min。在最佳运行参数下,结晶反应器处理含铜20 mg·L-1,含锌10 mg·L-1、pH为5.5~6.0的混合重金属废水。反应器连续运行40 d,出水中铜离子和锌离子平均浓度分别为1.31 mg·L-1和4.57 mg·L-1,铜离子和锌离子平均去除率分别是93.4%和51.3%。诱晶载体粒径由0.568 mm长至0.617 mm,平均生长速度为0.001 23 mm·d-1。研究表明,该诱导结晶工艺可以用作同时去除废水中的Cu2+、Zn2+。     

不同诱导条件对结晶产物形貌特征的影响

在流化床反应器中,以含铜废水为处理对象,重点考察了诱导条件改变对结晶系统运行效率及结晶产物形貌特征的影响。结果表明,进水200 mg/L,进药比([Cu2+]/[CO32-])1:1.2,pH为10.2的条件下,铜离子去除率可接近100%,诱导晶种表面平滑,诱导颗粒生长成致密杆状晶体结构,以碳酸盐为沉淀剂的诱导结晶系统依赖于体系的pH,高pH体系下发生的共结晶现象是影响系统运行的主要原因;随着进药摩尔比的增加,结晶产物由短杆状向球状转化,晶体机械强度显著降低大量破碎,影响出水水质;进药比1:1.2,pH为11的条件下,含铜废水浓度为500 mg/L时,系统去除率可达95%以上,微晶产率低于5%。     

A conceptual approach to selection of a control measure for residual chlorine discharge in Kuwait bay

It is estimated that some 17 metric tons of residual oxidants (chlorine) are discharged into the enclosed coastal seawater of Kuwait on a daily basis from power-desalination plants alone. Alarmed by the unlimited number of reported cases of damage to marine aquatic systems due to chlorine discharge around the world, several alternatives were proposed to control such a massive discharge of residual oxidant into seawaters. Most of the proposed alternatives lacked the basic criteria necessary for their evaluation, justification, and then selection. The objective of this article is to provide a conceptual approach that can be used to select a control measure for residual oxidant discharge in Kuwait coastal seawaters. This approach is based on state-of-the-art knowledge and the unique operational and environmental factors involved. A matrix system was designed whereby the cost of residual chlorine control alternative, its effectiveness, and environmental and public health impact, performance, and reliability in Kuwait can be compared and evaluated. The selection approach considered currently operating power plants in terms of their engineering design and material (cast iron or steel condensers), current operational conditions, operator's perception, acceptability, and projected problems associated with the environmental management of proposed modifications. The proposed approach revealed that in Kuwait, conventinal chlorination was marginally superseded only by chlorination/dechlorination using SO₂ and operation alteration using process optimization. The overall cost-effective assessment matrix classified other alternatives as worse than chlorination by various degrees. Ozone and UV were found to be the worst and the least desirable alternatives for biofouling control of seawater in Kuwait. In light of the available information on the consequences of the Gulf War on the marine environment, and the potential formation of additional halogenated organic compounds through the reaction of residual chlorine with the released petroleum hydrocarbons, it is essential to control residual chlorine discharged into the nearshore environment of Kuwait.     

Crystallization behavior of predominantly syndiotactic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)

Predominantly syndiotactic poly(-hydroxybutyrate), syn-PHB, of variable syndioregularity (syndyad fractions 0.59, 0.62, 0.64, and 0.71) and molecular weight was prepared by the dibutyltin dimethoxide catalyzed ring opening of racemic-butyrolactone (BL). The crystallization behavior of the syn-PHB polymers was investigated by DSC and X-ray diffraction analyses. DSC of films after melting and annealing showed at least one, and often two distinct melting transitions occuring over a broad (often 40°C) temperature range. These results indicate that syn-PHB chain segments of variable syndioregularity form crystalline regions with very different thermodynamic stabilities. Maximum degrees of crystallinity for melt annealed 0.64- and 0.71-syn-PHB was observed at an annealing temperature (T _c ) of 30°C. AtT _c values at 45°C and higher, crystallization of relatively lower syndioregular chain segments was apparently excluded to variable degrees dependent onT _c and sample syndiotactic dyad content. After crystallization of syn-PHB samples at elevated temperatures, ambient temperature annealing resulted in an observed lower temperature melting transition at 50°C. This result showed little to no dependence on syn-PHB syndio-regularity andT _c . Both solution precipitated 0.62-syn-PHB and 0.71-syn-PHB have WAXS patterns with poorly resolved crystalline reflections superimposed on amorphous haloes indicating low levels of crystallinity (17% and 25%, respectively) and poorly formed crystals. Isothermal crystallization monitored by DSC showed that the syn- and natural origin PHB showed fastest crystallization rates at temperatures between 50°C and 70°C and 60°C and 90°C, respectively. From the dependence of the higher melting transition onT _c it was determined that the equilibrium melting temperatures for 0.62-syn-PHB (M _n =83,700 g/mol) and a 0.64-syn-PHB (M _n =11,900 g/mol) were 157 and 154°C, respectively. An Avrami analysis of syn-PHB yielded results similar to that found for natural origin PHB indicating that crystal growth occurs by a two-dimensional mechanism.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.     

尾水用于循环冷却水的主要障碍和防腐试验研究

工业用水中循环冷却水要占到60%～80%,国内外城市尾水多回用于循环冷却水系统.循环冷却水系统产生的问题主要有结垢,设备腐蚀和细菌粘泥等.试验研究表明,徐州市三八河污水厂的尾水在经过一定的防腐措施后,可以用作循环冷却水,缓蚀剂可以选用目前使用广泛而且经济的三聚磷酸钠 Zn盐,当试验的温度较低(低于65℃)时,形成的磷酸盐垢很少,当温度高达70℃左右时,需要缓蚀剂和阻垢剂联合使用以提高系统的阻垢效应.     

超临界CO2和液态CO2及气态N2注入采空区防灭火性能实验

为对比研究超临界态CO_2、液态CO_2和气态N_2注入采空区的防灭火性能,自主研制了模拟采空区残煤自燃过程实验系统,开展了超临界态CO_2、液态CO_2和气态N_2注入采空区防灭火实验。实验结果表明:12 MPa、39℃超临界态CO_2对采空区自燃残煤的降氧降温能力优于6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2优于6 MPa、39℃气态N_2;12 MPa、39℃超临界态CO_2对残煤的降温能力是6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2的1.7倍,是6 MPa、39℃气态N_2的10倍,对采空区的降温能力是液态CO_2的2倍,为气态N_2的8倍;12 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2对采空区的降氧速率比6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2和6 MPa、39℃气态N_2高12.5%;12 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2的降温能力是8 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2的1.7倍,因此适当提高超临界态CO_2的注入压力,防灭火性能更佳。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal for swine wastewater by ammonium crystallization and intermittent aeration process

Abstract

A process on crystallized precipitation of ammonium by adding magnesium salt and phosphate was carried out to improve C/N ratio in swine wastewater. After completion of crystallized precipitation of ammonium, an intermittent aeration process with aeration and non‐aeration periods alternated at interval of 1:1 hr day^‐1 is used for the improved swine wastewater (T‐N/BOD=0.14: BOD=8200 mg/liter and T‐N=1166 mg/liter). The results obtained from the experiment show that the removal ratios of T‐N and NH₄‐N are 91% and 99%, respectively. T‐P is not removed, while the removal ratio of PO₄‐P is 60% as 3% of CaCl₂ liquid is added. The results also indicate that dilution with water is effective to improve the removal of phosphorus even if raw swine wastewater contains high concentrations of T‐N, T‐P, BOD, and TOC.     

冷却法净化焦油脱水尾气的研究

炭黑厂焦油脱水过程中产生的尾气（苯、甲苯等苯系物）用冷却法能用效冷凝其中大量有机物，且冷却水温度愈低冷却效果愈好，当水温降至５℃左右时，尾气中的有机物基本能全部冷凝除去，冷凝油相中除苯系物外还萘，冷凝水相的ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤＣＲ比值大于０．５，具有很好的可生化性。     

晶析辅助化学沉淀法处理高含磷废水

在常温条件下,将价格低廉的氯化镁、碳酸氢铵加入到高浓度含磷废水中,不仅有较高的除磷率,且可兼得缓效复合肥MgNH4PO4·6H2O。为了使一次处理液能达标排放,以MgNH4PO4·6H2O作为晶种,采用晶析辅助化学沉淀法进一步除磷。在一次处理液放置时间为2.7h、水力停留时间维持0.1h左右的条件下,处理后的废水可达到Ⅱ类水排放标准(磷质量浓度不超过2.0mg/L)。     

氯化钡废液联产氢氧化钙和氯化钡

讨论了氯化钡废液联产氢氧化钙及高纯氯化钡的方法和主要影响因素。通过复盐共沉淀、热滤、结晶、精制纯化等工序,用氯化钡的蒸发残液制得了工业级的氢氧化钙和高纯度氯化钡,其纯度分别达95％和99．92％以上。采用有机溶剂析出法精制氯化钡,无需重结晶工序,是对传统工艺的一种改进。