特大型双曲线自然通风冷却塔噪声治理设计及效果

火力发电厂闭式循环冷却水系统多数是采用钢筋混凝土结构自然通风冷却塔,其噪声污染治理是一个难题.本文以上海吴泾电厂八期1#、2#机组所用特大型双曲线自然通风冷却塔为例,介绍其噪声特性、控制措施及治理效果,可供同类冷却塔噪声控制参考.     

悬浮结晶法预处理敌草胺生产废水

采用悬浮结晶法对敌草胺生产废水进行焚烧前预处理,研究了不同成冰率条件下废水的处理效果,并对冷冻过程中的析出晶体进行了表征。在成冰率为61.3%时,出水COD、色度和电导率的去除率分别可达94.0%、99.2%和89.1%。出水pH为9～10,满足后续生化处理的pH要求。在成冰率为61.3%时,一级浓缩液热值较原水增加了129%,且焚烧量大幅下降。析出晶体的主要组分为KCl和脂肪族酰胺。在成冰率为61.3%时,每处理1 t原水可回收89 kg析出晶体,具有较好的资源化利用前景。     

Water softening by induced crystallization in fluidized bed

Fluidized bed and induced crystallization technology were combined to design a new type of induced crystallization fluidized bed reactor. The added particulate matter served as crystal nucleus to induce crystallization so that the insoluble material, which was in a saturated state, could precipitate on its surface. In this study, by filling the fluidized bed with quartz sand and by adjusting water p H, precipitation of calcium carbonate was induced on the surface of quartz sand, and the removal of water hardness was achieved.With a reactor influent flow of 60 L/hr, a fixed-bed height of 0.5 m, pH value of 9.5, quartz sand nuclear diameter of 0.2–0.4 mm, and a reflux ratio of 60%, the effluent concentration of calcium hardness was reduced to 60 mg/L and 86.6% removal efficiency was achieved. The resulting effluent reached the quality standard set for circulating cooling water. Majority of the material on the surface of quartz sand was calculated to be calcium carbonate based on energy spectrum analysis and moisture content was around 15.994%. With the low moisture content, dewatering treatment is no longer required and this results to cost savings on total water treatment process.     

Behaviour of smoldering fires during periodic refilling of wood pellets into silos

The evolution of smoldering fires in biomass stored in lab-scale silos with additional fuel material supplied repeatedly, has been studied. The direct effects of the added material on the sample are: cooling, enhanced thermal insulation, and facilitation of more intense combustion at a later stage. This article focuses on the cooling, which leads to an almost instantaneous reduction in the combustion rate. Surprisingly, this reduction does not vary only with the amount of material refilled – but also depends strongly on the stage of the smoldering process. This demonstrates that the underlying smoldering processes merely to a certain degree are regularized by the periodic refillings. Quantitatively, the functional relationship between the refilled amount and the change in combustion rate caused by the refilling was determined. The results displays four regimes, that reflect different stages of the smoldering process at the time of the refilling. Using the Arrhenius equation, we find for one of these regimes an expression for the ratio of combustion rates (immediately after to immediately before the refill) as function of the amount of added material. This expression contains only one free (undetermined) parameter. We determine the value of this parameter from the data and demonstrate that this value is consistent with a simple model for how the sudden cooling occurs spatially in the sample.     

国内外环保型制冷方法的性能分析及新动态

本文介绍了目前国内外正在研究开发或投入使用的环保型制冷方法．分析了各种环保型制冷方法的原理、性能及适用场合,指出了环保型制冷方法目前尚存在的问题及突破方向．     

几种常见废有机溶剂的回收利用

蒸馏在有机化工生产中具有较为广泛的应用。经过简单蒸馏对一些废有机溶剂进行回收利用，一般是通过间歇蒸馏和萃取蒸馏来处理，只要根据不同的有机物沸点适当地调节蒸馏温度即可，简单蒸馏不但生产工艺简单，而且回收成本低，回收率高，既减少了废水有机溶剂对环境的危害性，又可以使废物得到充分的回收利用，实现了环境治理中“减量化，资源化，无害化”的方针，在目前环保治理中具有较为广泛的应用价值。     

循环冷却水处理技术面临新的形势和挑战

循环冷却水处理不仅要求处理效果好，能够保证生产装置长周期运行，而且要求实现节水、减污，达到水处理技术与经济运行的综合最佳。中石化循环冷却水处理，经过20余年的努力，取得很大进步，但新形势对水处理提出了更高的要求，循环冷却水处理技术正面临新的机遇和挑战。     

循环冷却水中军团菌的控制

随着我国社会经济的不断发展,循环冷却水系统在工业、商业和民用设施以及大型公共设施中的应用日益广泛。然而,这些水系统在给人们生活带来便利的同时,也为一种严重危害人类健康的细菌——军团菌创造了滋生的场所。国外对军团菌的研究报道已经很多,有些国家甚至已经开始为控制军团菌进行立法,然而国内在这方面的报道很少,研究也不多。因此,通过对军团菌、军团病以及控制军团菌的方法的介绍,唤起全社会对军团菌的关注。     

冷却塔改造

在冷却塔改造中，淋水填料和配水喷头的选择是提高热力性能的关键。本文详细介绍了淋水填料与配水喷头的选择     

Na2SO4对古尔班通古特沙漠细沙盐结皮特性的影响

盐晶体胶结土壤颗粒形成的一层盐结皮层质地致密且强度较高,具有较高的抗风蚀能力,在土壤风蚀治理中具有重要作用.盐结皮特性与盐的种类及质量分数有关,为探究w（Na₂SO₄）对结皮特性的影响,选取古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘流动风沙土的主要颗粒（100~200 μm）,于70℃下在烘箱内进行13个w（Na₂SO₄）的12 h胶结试验,即风沙土中w（Na₂SO₄）为0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%、6.0%、7.0%、8.0%、10.0%、12.0%,分析w（Na₂SO₄）对风沙土盐结皮的表观、抗压强度及韧性特征3个抗风蚀能力指标的影响.结果表明:①随着w（Na₂SO₄）的增大,结皮表面颜色由红棕色变为浅红棕色再变为灰白色,表面盐晶越来越多.②w（Na₂SO₄）≤ 3.0%时结皮表面平整,4.0%~7.0%时结皮表面呈现起伏"波浪状",≥ 8.0%时结皮表层遭孔隙应力破坏并脱离土体.③w（Na₂SO₄）≤ 3.0%时,样品抗压强度随着w（Na₂SO₄）的增加呈线性上升;≥ 3.0%时受孔隙压力破坏的影响,结皮抗压强度随w（Na₂SO₄）的增加反而下降.④结皮的韧性与w（Na₂SO₄）存在密切关系,w（Na₂SO₄）≤ 3.0%时,韧性随w（Na₂SO₄）的增加而增大,≥ 3.0%时韧性随w（Na₂SO₄）的增加反而减小.沙漠中风沙土主要组成物质是细沙（100~200 μm）,且主要粒径沙土结皮特性与自然风沙土的结皮最相似.所以,若采用质量分数为3.0%的Na₂SO₄胶结风沙土形成盐结皮,具有较好的抗压强度和韧性,且表面平整无破坏,胶结体具有较好的抗风蚀性能,可用作流动沙地的治理.