The contemporary copper cycle of Asia

A regional stock and flow model for an industrial metal was developed based on the substance-flow framework. Using this model, the contemporary copper cycle of the Asian region was constructed by aggregating country-level production and import and export data for different stages of the copper cycle. The reliability and availability of data were assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Asia as a region is a net importer of copper. There is a significant build-up of copper in use at a rate of nearly 3TgCu/year. The per capita generation of copper waste (0.4kgCu/(capita-year)) and the rate of secondary recovery of copper are low compared with Europe and North America. Japan's rates of use, waste generation, and recycling of copper are all much larger than the continental average. A tremendous potential exists in the region to utilize the copper content of the in-use reservoir, and subsequently to enhance copper recycling rates in the future. A set of metrics for the copper cycle is suggested in order to address sustainability issues related to resource policy and the environmental management of copper.     

Toxicity of copper in sewage sludge

Sewage sludge is a source of organic matter and nutrients, but a major obstacle for its recycling is that the municipal wastewater sludge has low but significant levels of contaminants. This investigation, on the acute toxicity of copper in sewage sludge, was conducted with three organisms, Daphnia magna, Lemna minor and Raphanus sativus (seeds). The toxicity of the leakage water from sewage sludge spiked with CuSO(4) was studied for 64 days. The toxicity increased during the first 8-16 days and then started to decrease. The first increase in toxicity was due to ammonia, but after 32 days, a dose-related effect of copper was found. After 64 days, L. minor had an EC50 of 3800 mg Cu/kg dw for 7 days growth inhibition, a LOEC of 3200 mg Cu/kg dw and a NOEC of 1600 mg Cu/kg dw. D. magna had an EC50 of 18100 mg Cu/kg dw (24-h immobility) and a NOEC of 12800 mg Cu/kg dw. Root elongation of R. sativus was reduced at 25600 mg Cu/kg dw. Both for Daphnia and Lemna, the pH of the leakage water had an effect of the toxicity. This means that chemical speciation and bioavailability is very important for the hazard assessment of copper in sludge and soil.     

催化动力学光度法测定痕量铜（Ⅱ）

研究了在稀硫酸介质中，用α，α‘－联吡啶作活化剂，痕量铜催化高碘酸钾氧化茂红Ｔ的褪色反应及动力学条件，建立了催化动力学光度法测定痕量铜的方法。检测限为０．４１μｇ／ＬＣｕ，线性范围为０－０．８μｇ／２５ｍＬＣｕ。方法操作简单，灵敏度高，准确性好，可用于水质及人发中痕量铜的测定，结果满意。     

火焰原子吸收法间接测定环境水中的硫化物

利用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法间接测定水中硫化物,方法适用于环境水中硫化物的测定.用改进后的装置进行预处理,样品中加入10ml磷酸,用氮气作载气将生成的硫化氢吹出,载气流量50ml/min,吹气40min.用pH4.5的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲介质中的Cu(Ⅱ)作吸收液,并加入95％的乙醇作气泡分散剂.测定吸收液水相中剩余的Cu(Ⅱ),以达到间接测定硫化物的目的.方法相对标准偏差为1.6％～3.4％,检测下限0.02mg/L.     

铜、镍、铅、锌4种重金属对水田土壤藻类的综合效应

为确定污水、污泥的农田施用标准,使用正交试验表L₉（3⁴）研究了4种重金属铜、镍、铅和锌在低、中、高3种浓度下对土壤藻类的数量和种类的影响。混合重金属使土壤藻类的种群结构发生改变,使蓝藻数量减少,硅藻数量或减少或增加,视条件而定,裸藻成为优势种。在土壤－藻类体系中重金属临界值铜为50mg/kg,镍为50mg/kg,铅为150mg/kg,锌为300mg/kg。     

鳗鲡仔鱼(Anguilla japonica Temn. et Schl.)对铜离子的回避反应

本文力图用回避实验的方法分析铜离子对闽江鳗鲡及其他水产资源的影响。实验在流水中进行,温度为16±0.5℃,pH为7.43±0.2,溶解氧为62-68.9%;鱼体长为46-69.5mm,重量为174.2-226.6mg;每一浓度测试20次。当浓度为0.0001ppm时,回避度为12.81%;浓度为0.016ppm时,有明显的回避反应,回避度为58.28%;浓度升至0.064ppm时,回避度84.74%,为完全回避。     

多波长K系数方程法同时测定水样中的Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Cd~(2+)

多波长Ｋ系数方程法同时测定水样中Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｏ２＋、Ｃｄ２＋,即选定三个测定波长,分别将三组分在两个波长处的吸光度转换为另一波长处的吸光度,即可列出一个多元一次方程组,进而解出此波长处各组分的吸光度,求得各组分的含量。对水样中的Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｏ２＋、Ｃｄ２＋三组分同时测定,结果令人满意。     

硫酸亚铁法与硫化钠法处理络合铜废水的对比研究

通过硫酸亚铁（FeSO4）法和硫化钠（Na2S）法处理络合铜废水的对比实验研究,探讨了FeSO4和Na2S破络机理、两种药剂的授加量、pH值、絮凝剂（PAM）的加入量对铜去除率的影响,分析两种处理方法的优缺点,以期为线路板厂络合铜废水处理提供参考。     

Equilibrium study and kinetics of Cu removal from water by zeolite prepared from oil shale ash

Engineered zeolite was produced from oil shale ash by reaction with sodium hydroxide in a closed vessel reactor. This adsorbent was used for removal of copper ions from aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption capacity was 504.6 mg Cu²⁺/g zeolite. Kinetic studies showed that the rate of adsorption of copper is increased with increasing the solution pH and temperature, quantity of the zeolite and agitation speed. The kinetic data were fitted to homogeneous micropore model and found that the mass transfer coefficient and diffusivity of the Cu²⁺ are directly affected by the kinetic parameters. The increase in solution concentration will decrease the mass transfer coefficient while diffusivity is increased.     

Molecular characterization of copper in soils using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Bioavailability of Cu in the soil is a function of its speciation. In this paper we investigated Cu speciation in six soils using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and synchrotron-based micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF). The XANES and EXAFS spectra in all of the soils were the same. μ-XRF results indicated that the majority of the Cu particles in the soils were not associated with calcium carbonates, Fe oxides, or Cu sulfates. Principal component analysis and target transform of the XANES and EXAFS spectra suggested that Cu adsorbed on humic acid (HA) was an acceptable match. Thus it appears that Cu in all of the soils is primarily associated with soil organic matter (SOM). Theoretical fitting of the molecular structure in the soil EXAFS spectra revealed that the Cu in the soils existed as Cu atoms bound in a bidentate complex to O or N functional groups.