我国锅炉2000年起始执行的环境标准——新颁《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》修订要点及达标分析

对2000年3月1日起始实施的GWPB3-1999《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的主要修订内容进行了阐述 ,并对新的锅炉排放标准实施后达标可行性进行了分析。      

皂素工业废水CODCr排放限值的研究

皂素工业是近几年来迅速发展的一个重要生物医药化工行业,我国皂素主产区位于南水北调中线工程水源汉江上游,其排放的大量高浓度含酸有机废水给水源保护带来严重威胁,急需制定我国的皂素工业水污染物排放标准.采用三段式两相厌氧为核心的二级生化组合工艺技术从实验室试验、现场工业性试验和示范工程三方面对皂素工业废水COD_Cr排放限值进行了研究,皂素废水二级生化处理出水中残留COD_Cr总量(以质量浓度计)约为400～500 mg/L,其中溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)质量浓度约为240～280 mg/L.综合考虑技术可达性和经济可行性,将现有企业COD_Cr排放限值规定为400 mg/L;为引导企业对废液综合利用,推进皂素行业清洁生产,规定新建企业和现有企业的第二时段的限值为300 mg/L.提出了丹江库区相应的COD_Cr总量指标及皂素规模限额.执行该标准后,全国每年可削减COD_Cr 71　400 t,其中南水北调中线工程水源汉江上游至少可削减60　690 t,可以满足中线调水水源区的环境保护要求.      

直接高压放电降解水中苯酚的效果

采用直接高压放电降解水中含有苯酚,自行设计加工了线筒式放电反应器,考察了氧气鼓入量、反应器压力、溶液初始pH对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明:在所设计的放电反应器中,放电电极直径为0.6 mm、地极直径29 mm或者38 mm,电压8～10 kV,电流4～14 mA,气体鼓入量为60 mL·min-1、溶液初始pH为9左右时,在180 min之内水中苯酚降解达到90%以上.同时发现溶液电导率具有相对应的变化趋势.     

H2O浓度对强电离放电等离子体脱硫影响研究

脱除SO2过程中,H2O起着重要作用,采用强电场电离、分解H2O,生成的强氧化剂OH·将SO2直接氧化成H2SO4。就H2O浓度对强电离放电脱硫的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,H2O浓度的越高则SO2脱除率越高;改变H2O浓度可以在不同流量下取得相同的脱硫效果;也可以根据H2O浓度来控制等离子体反应时间从而提高脱硫效果;SO2脱除率最高可达100%。     

高压脉冲等离子体催化还原NO的研究

用离子交换法制备Co-ZSM-5催化剂,考察了有氧条件下,在甲烷选择还原NO的反应中,高压脉冲等离子体的加入对Co-ZSM-5活性的影响。发现在一定温度范围内,高压脉冲等离子体与Co-ZSM-5之间存在协同效应。在此基础上,初步探讨了高压脉冲等离子体活化CH4催化还原净化NO的反应机理。     

Environmental and social impacts of electricity utilization: broadening the debate

Exposure of small laboratory animals to power-frequency high-voltage electric fields was reported to have endocrinological effects, including changes in pineal melatonin levels. It has been assumed that these results are directly attributable to electric-field effects, but this article suggests that air ionization, produced by corona activity at the animals’ body surfaces, may have been biologically active and could be relevant to the interpretation of some epidemiological and other studies. Although presently a matter of dispute, there is evidence that atmospheric ionization may be biologically active and could provide an alternative explanation for at least some apparent electromagnetic field interactions with biological subjects. Consideration of the electricity utilization environment as a whole, rather than one selected component, could allow the introduction of lower-cost, precautionary and putative hazard remediation measures.     

Effects of a brine discharge over soft bottom Polychaeta assemblage

Desalination is a growing activity that has introduced a new impact, brine discharge, which may affect benthic communities. Although the role of polychaetes as indicators to assess organic pollution is well known, their tolerance to salinity changes has not been examined to such a great extent. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of brine discharge over soft bottom polychaete assemblage along the Alicante coast (Southeast Spain) over a two year period. Changes in the polychaete assemblage was analysed using univariate and multivariate techniques. We compared a transect in front of the discharge with two controls. At each transect we sampled at three depths (4, 10 and 15 m) during winter and summer. We have observed different sensitivity of polychaete families to brine discharges, Ampharetidae being the most sensitive, followed by Nephtyidae and Spionidae. Syllidae and Capitellidae showed some resistance initially, while Paraonidae proved to be a tolerant family.     

Risk assessment and prioritisation of contaminated sites on the catchment scale

Contaminated sites pose a significant threat to groundwater resources worldwide. Due to limited available resources a risk-based prioritisation of the remediation efforts is essential. Existing risk assessment tools are unsuitable for this purpose, because they consider each contaminated site separately and on a local scale, which makes it difficult to compare the impact from different sites. Hence a modelling tool for risk assessment of contaminated sites on the catchment scale has been developed. The CatchRisk screening tool evaluates the risk associated with each site in terms of its ability to contaminate abstracted groundwater in the catchment. The tool considers both the local scale and the catchment scale. At the local scale, a flexible, site specific leaching model that can be adjusted to the actual data availability is used to estimate the mass flux over time from identified sites. At the catchment scale, a transport model that utilises the source flux and a groundwater model covering the catchment is used to estimate the transient impact on the supply well. The CatchRisk model was tested on a groundwater catchment for a waterworks north of Copenhagen, Denmark. Even though data scarcity limited the application of the model, the sites that most likely caused the observed contamination at the waterworks were identified. The method was found to be valuable as a basis for prioritising point sources according to their impact on groundwater quality. The tool can also be used as a framework for testing hypotheses on the origin of contamination in the catchment and for identification of unknown contaminant sources.     

Evaluation of marine outfall with three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality modeling

Numerical models are often used to evaluate the potential impact of human alternation of natural water bodies and to help the design of the alternation to mitigate its impacts. In the past decade, three-dimensional hydrodynamic and reactive transport modeling has matured from a research subject to a practical analysis technology. This paper presents a practical study in which a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model [hydrodynamic eutrophication model (HEM-3D)] was applied to determine the optimal location for treated wastewater discharged from marine outfall system in the Keelung harbor and the adjacent coastal sea. First, model validation was conducted with respect to surface elevation, current, and water quality variables measured in the Keelung harbor station and its coastal sea. The overall performance of the model was in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to evaluate several scenarios of the locations from marine outfall system. Based on model simulation results, a location at the northeast of Ho-Ping Island was recommended for adoption because the environmental impact is smaller than any other alternative.

基于2GW-HAZOP与偏离度的输气站降压排污作业风险评估

为预防输气站降压排污过程中发生事故,提出1种基于2GW-HAZOP与偏离度的作业过程风险评估方法.在HAZOP方法的基础上定义作业偏差,将传统7种工艺参数偏差引导词映射到1个偏差二元组中;通过将作业过程节点功能作为参量,采用节点跨越和节点功能偏离2种引导词,从而构建节点功能偏差;进一步通过定义功能偏离度和控制措施偏离度...