废纸造纸工业节水零排放技术

本文介绍了废纸造纸零排放技术的意义、零排放循环水处理需要解决的问题及工程实践情况。     

环评中锅炉房大气污染源强的确定

在环境评价中,污染源强的确定对环境影响因素评价的分析结果有重要作用。对锅炉房污染物排放的分析表明,影响锅炉房大气污染物的主要因素有燃料的构成、发热量和燃烧方式等。确定锅炉房大气污染物的方法主要有物料衡算法、实测法和经验系数法。在这三种方法中,物料衡算法被普遍采用。在确定锅炉房大气污染物的排放量时,也可以采用物料衡算法和实测法相结合的方法。     

CHEMISTRY OF COALBED METHANE DISCHARGE WATER INTERACTING WITH SEMI‐ARID EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to examine the chemistry of Coalbed Methane (CBM) discharge water reacting with semi‐arid ephemeral stream channels in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. The study area consisted of two ephemeral streams: Burger Draw and Sue Draw. These streams are tributaries to the perennial Powder River. Samples were collected bimonthly from three CBM discharge points and seven channel locations in Burger Draw and Sue Draw. Samples were also collected bimonthly from the Powder River above and below the confluence of Burger Draw. Before sample collection, the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in the field. Samples were transported to the laboratory and analyzed for alkalinity, major cations, and anions. From the measurement of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), practical sodium adsorption ratio (SARp) and true sodium adsorption ratio (SARt) were calculated. Results suggest pH and EC of CBM discharge water was 7.1 and 4.3 dS/m, respectively. The CBM discharge water consisted of higher concentrations of sodium and alkalinity compared to other components. The pH of CBM discharge water increased significantly (p = 0.000) in the downstream channel of Burger Draw from 7.1 to 8.84 before it joined with the Powder River. Dissolved calcium concentration of CBM discharge water decreased significantly (p = 0.000) in the downstream channel water. Subsequently, SARp increased approximately from 24 to 29. The SARt also increased significantly (p = 0.001) in the downstream channel water. For instance, SARt of CBM discharge water increased from 32.93 to 45.5 downstream channels after the confluence of Sue Draw with the Burger Draw. The only significant difference in water chemistry above and below the confluence of Burger Draw with the Powder River was pH, which increased from 8.36 to 8.52. The significant increase in SAR values of CBM discharge water in Burger Draw and Sue Draw tributaries suggest a careful monitoring of salinity and sodicity is needed if CBM discharge water is used for irrigation in semi‐arid environments. Results discussed in this study will be useful to downstream water users who depend on water for irrigation.     

污染物排放相关指标计算方法的研究

针对传统的污染排放数据指标计算方法存在的问题,提出污染物排放指标应根据排污强度和经济指标确定的新思路,同时提出污染物排放指标数据的快速测算模型设计.建议通过环境监测数据或物料衡算数据确定每个排污单位的平均排污强度,作为计算机处理的参数,再由该排污单位申报每月的经济指标(产量或产值),输入计算机计算其产污量、排污量和去除量.实施计算机管理的关键是选取适当的数据计算模型.新思路应该能够规范计算程序,建立污染源动态数据库,对排污数据实行有效的统计分析.     

Synthesis of branched,nano channeled,ultrafine and nano carbon tubes from PET wastes using the arc discharge method

Upcycling polymer wastes into useful, and valuable carbon based materials, is a challenging process. We report a novel catalyst-free and solvent-free technique for the formation of nano channeled ultrafine carbon tubes (NCUFCTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes, using rotating cathode arc discharge technique. The soot obtain from the anode contains ultrafine and nano-sized solid carbon spheres (SCS) with a mean diameter of 221 nm and 100 nm, respectively, formed at the lower temperature region of the anode where the temperature is approximately 1700 °C. The carbon spheres are converted into long “Y” type branched and non-branched NCUFCTs and MWCNTs at higher temperature regions where the temperature is approximately 2600 °C, with mean diameters of 364 nm and 95 nm, respectively. Soot deposited on the cathode is composed of MWCNTs with a mean diameter of 20 nm and other nanoparticles. The tubular structures present in the anode are longer, bent and often coiled with lesser graphitization compared to the nanotubes in the soot on the cathode.     

燃煤电厂烟塔合一排烟风洞试验与数值模拟对比分析

近年来,燃煤电厂烟塔合一烟气排烟对近距离环境影响的不确定性,使其在国内的推广过程受到一定限制。准确判断烟塔合一排烟的环境影响,对于我国现有燃煤电厂烟气污染物的排放有着巨大的工程价值和明显的现实意义。利用国家环境保护某重点实验室中风洞试验平台,对燃煤电厂烟塔合一烟气污染物在近距离的扩散和传输行为,进行物理风洞试验以及数值模拟计算,并进行对比分析。结果表明:德国Austal2000模式的浓度预测并不精确;数值风洞也有其差异性,而物理风洞的结果在很大程度上符合现有的理论及国内工程实际。     

Contribution of precursor compounds to the release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs)

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) are ubiquitous in sludge and water from waste water treatment plants, as a result of their incorporation in everyday products and industrial processes. In this study, we measured several classes of persistent PFASs,precursors, transformation intermediates, and newly identified PFASs in influent and effluent sewage water and sludge from three municipal waste water treatment plants in Sweden, sampled in 2015. For sludge, samples from 2012 and 2014 were analyzed as well.Levels of precursors in sludge exceeded those of perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonic acids(PFCAs and PFSAs), in 2015 the sum of polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid esters(PAPs) were 15–20 ng/g dry weight, the sum of fluorotelomer sulfonic acids(FTSAs) was 0.8–1.3 ng/g,and the sum of perfluorooctane sulfonamides and ethanols ranged from non-detected to 3.2 ng/g. Persistent PFSAs and PFCAs were detected at 1.9–3.9 ng/g and 2.4–7.3 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The influence of precursor compounds was further demonstrated by an observed substantial increase for a majority of the persistent PFCAs and PFSAs in water after waste water treatment. Perfluorohexanoic acid(PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS)had a net mass increase in all WWTPs, with mean values of 83%, 28%, 37% and 58%,respectively. The load of precursors and intermediates in influent water and sludge combined with net mass increase support the hypothesis that degradation of precursor compounds is a significant contributor to PFAS contamination in the environment.     

工业园区综合难降解废水深度处理实验研究

某工业园区综合废水处理厂设计规模5.0×104m3/d,原设计出水执行《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准,需将出水标准提高到一级A排放标准.分别采用混凝沉淀法和高级氧化法深度处理二级生化出水.小试试验结果表明:二级生化出水CODcr在62~75 mg/L左右,PAC、Al2(SO4)3及PFS三种絮凝沉淀药剂处理出水CODcr去除效果均不明显,不能稳定达到一级A排放标准.芬顿催化氧化的pH=5,FeSO4+H2O2投加量为(200+100)mg/L;臭氧氧化的O3投加量33 mg/L,其出水CODcr均能达到一级A排放标准.     

杭州市典型企业废水中挥发性有机物排放特征及其评价

以10家杭州市典型企业进出口废水为调查对象,用顶空气相色谱质谱法测定77种挥发性有机物(VOCs),分析其排放特征,并对监测结果进行评价.结果表明,进口废水共定量检出22种VOCs,检出质量浓度范围为7~3.39×106μg·L-1;出口废水共定量检出14种VOCs,检出质量浓度范围为16~6.82×104μg·L-1.就行业而言,香精香料制造企业进出口废水VOCs检出的质量浓度最高.以《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)三级排放标准为评价标准时,1号企业出口废水检出甲苯质量浓度为2.45×103μg·L-1,超过标准限值.以挥发性有机物的水介质排放环境目标值(DMEG WH)为标准时,3号企业出口废水检出的正丁醇、异丙醇、丙酮质量浓度均超过它们各自的水介质排放环境目标值.     

饮用水水源地严格管理水质的对策分析——对实行严格水资源管理问题上的看法和建议

2012年1月国务院发布了《关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见》,这是众所关注的要事,实行了最严格水资源管理的原则精神以及确定县级以上政府负总责的规定.但对如何严格管理的技术路线和对策措施上,特针对现实中存在的主要问题提出以下3点看法和建议:①达到地面水环境质量Ⅱ类水质的饮用水水源地不一定未受污染;②保护区内企业车间排水口符合第一类污染物最高允许排放浓度规定是满足饮用水水源地要求的必要条件;③《地面水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)对第一类污染物规定的Ⅱ类水质,是否体现了水环境背景值有较大存疑.