全球能源安全的格局演变与地缘博弈

受经济全球化影响,国家能源安全问题的国际化趋势日益突出。21世纪以来,伴随世界多极化加速发展,世界能源安全格局演变特征及其驱动机制成为能源地缘政治研究的关键问题之一。基于这一认识,对2000年以来全球124个国家能源安全状态进行了系统评价,揭示了世界能源安全空间格局的演变特征及主要形成机制,并提出了未来能源地缘政治的博弈焦点。结果显示:(1)自21世纪初以来,全球能源安全格局演变整体上不断优化,但呈现出明显的阶段性特征,即2010年以来,全球能源安全格局优化趋势更为显著。(2)世界能源安全格局与国际地缘秩序区划基本吻合,即能源安全型国家集中分布在西欧和北美经济发达地区,较安全型国家主要分布在中欧、拉丁美洲以及亚洲高收入地区,过渡型国家主要分布在中东、东南欧以及东亚等能源体系亟需转型的地区,而较危险和危险型国家集中分布在南亚以及非洲经济欠发达地区。(3)近20年以来,世界能源安全水平显著提升主要得益于发达经济体能源使用安全维度的良好表现,而发展中国家由于创新能力较低、生产力较落后、居民可支配收入较少,其能源安全水平提升空间较小。(4)当前及今后一段时期内,全球能源安全格局将受到中美关系变...     

生态保护地协同管控成效评估

分区分类管理是我国生态保护的重要管控制度,生态保护地是事关国家生态安全的关键区域,开展生态保护地保护成效评估及不同类型生态保护地之间的协同管控成效评估具有重要意义。以吉林省自然保护地和重点生态功能区等生态保护地(即禁止开发区和限制开发区)为研究对象,以重要生态空间、植被生态、水源涵养功能为主要内容,基于"禁止开发区—限制开发区—省域"的管控梯度差异,评估分析了生态保护地的协同管控成效。结果表明:(1)从重要生态空间协同管控成效来看,自然保护地的重要生态空间面积比例最高、人类活动干扰指数最低,这与生态保护管控严格程度呈现很好地正相关。但是1980—2015年间重要生态空间面积比例均有所减少,减少幅度与管控严格程度没有表现出正相关。(2)从植被生态协同管控成效来看,植被覆盖总体呈现出自东向西逐步降低的特点,与东部分布有重点生态功能区和森林类自然保护区、西部分布较多的湿地类自然保护地的空间特征一致。但是,由于湿地及水域类型自然保护地面积占比较高,且分布在吉林西部草原和平原区的面积比例较高,自然保护地的年际变化较大、且植被覆盖稳定度低于重点生态功能区。(3)从水源涵养功能协同管控成效来看,水源...     

地震工作者的公平意识研究

本文对地震系统高、中、初级专业人员的公平意识作了研究。运用量化标度数值处理,约90%的人属公平感范畴。解析公平感构成的直接主导因素和附加影响因素发现,良好感觉与岗位层次具有一致性,与他人比较、与过去比较“一样”的感觉呈稳定相态,投入和获得的关系表现出复杂的位错现象,事业信念向消极转化的倾向明显。对数值标度大于-1.5σ的非公平感者追访调查,证实确有其困难或问题。     

A review of recent substance flow analyses of phosphorus to identify priority management areas at different geographical scales

The dwindling global reserves of extractable phosphorus (P) and its growing demand to produce the required food for a burgeoning global population (the global P crisis) necessitate the sustainable use of this crucial resource. To advert the crisis requires informed policy decisions which can only be obtained by a better understanding of the nature and magnitude of P flow through different systems at different geographical scales. Through a systematic and in-depth review of twenty one recent substance flow analyses of P, we have assessed the key P inflows, outflows, stocks, internal flows, and recycling flows at the city, regional, and country scales. The assessment has revealed, the main inflow and outflow of P at the city scale occurs through food and wastewater respectively, while the main stock of P occurs in landfill. At the regional scale, mineral ore is the main P inflow and chemical P fertilizer is the main outflow particularly in the regions that have P fertilizer production sector. In contrast, either chemical P fertilizer or animal feed is the key inflow and either food and agricultural products or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching) is the major outflow especially in the regions without P fertilizer production sector. At the country scale, the key P inflow occurs either through mineral ore or chemical P fertilizer and the key outflow takes place either as food and agricultural products, waste (both solid and liquid), or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching). The main stock of P both at the regional and country scales occurs in the soil of the agricultural production sector. As identified in this assessment, the key unproductive outflows and stocks at different geographical scales indicate that there is a potential scope to improve P management through the increased P recovery and recycling, and by the utilization of available soil P stocks. In many of the studies at all the geographical scales, P recycling flow has been found to be less than 20% of the total inflow, and even in some studies at the country scale, P recycling has been found to be entirely absent, which is a clear indication of poor P management. This study has also identified, there is a clear knowledge gap in relation to understanding the P flow over multiple years at the regional scale. The information about the key flows and stocks at different geographical scales as we identified can be utilized to make better P policy and management decisions for a city, region, or country. The information can also be used to guide future research that aims to analyze P flow at the city, regional, and country scales.     

初级再生水对循环水处理药剂的影响

初级再生水回用过程中所要解决的两个难题是腐蚀和微生物的控制。通过对锦西石化分公司初级再生水对各循环水场现用药剂的缓蚀阻垢效果及杀菌效果进行了实验室综合评价,考察缓蚀阻垢性能、杀菌性能及药剂加药量的影响,并根据水质情况及药剂评价结果提出了初级再生水的最佳pH值及COD值范围,并根据水场及水质情况选出最优药剂,为合理加药剂提供依据。     

Process safety management lessons learned from a fire and explosion accident caused by a liquefied petroleum gas leak in an aromatics reforming unit in Taiwan

A severe fire and explosion accident was caused by a liquefied petroleum gas leak in Taiwan in 2019. This accident resulted in the loss of approximately US$3.5 billion in output value due to a one-and-a-half-year shutdown after the accident; however, no casualties were recorded at the accident scene. An analysis of the accident pipelines demonstrated that the pipeline leak had been caused by hydrochloric acid corrosion. Cause analysis based on the accident timeline, fault tree analysis, and causal factor charting indicated inadequacies in five elements of process safety management (PSM) namely mechanical integrity (MI), management of change, emergency planning and response, process hazard analysis (PHA), and process safety information (PSI) as the root causes of the accident. Furthermore, insufficient PSI (i.e., a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding corrosion mechanisms) was deemed to have been the core problem leading to the accident. This accident revealed common shortcomings that are often overlooked in PSM implementation in Taiwan; thus, the present research can serve as a vital reference for improving PSM programs in Taiwan.