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排序方式: 共有49条查询结果,搜索用时 125 毫秒
21.
水污染损失估算与治理水污染生态效益实例分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
企业排放污染物使其周围环境受到损失,根据环境所损失的价值与污染治理的费用,可以提出污染治理的生态效益,本文以沈阳某大型企业排放污水为例,主要运用了模糊数学法以及间接定价法和生态价值法对水资源价值进行核算,然后再进行费用——效益分析评价.结果表明对污水治理是具有明显生态效益的. 相似文献
22.
Ting Chen Yingying Zhao Xiaopeng Qiu Xiaoyan Zhu Xiaojie Liu Jun Yin Dongsheng Shen Huajun Feng 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(2):33
23.
The effectiveness and costs of prenatal screening programmes for Down's syndrome using maternal serum markers will vary significantly depending on the biological cut-off values chosen in order to select women, at each maternal age, who will be sent for amniocentesis. On the basis of the first French prospective study of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measurement in maternal serum, this paper shows that the screening protocol currently used in France, where hCG cut-off values are defined in order to offer amniocentesis to women of all ages with a 1 percent fetal risk of Down's syndrome, would detect 64·06 per cent of all cases of trisomy 21 at birth and would be highly profitable for the French social security system. On the basis of a representative sample of 100 000 pregnant women, the total costs of screening would reach $8 302 000 but would generate net potential savings of $32 186 000 in terms of life-long costs of care for trisomic 21 children which would be ‘avoided’ by termination of pregnancy following a positive diagnosis of Down's syndrome. Economic assessment shows that cost-benefit analysis would justify lower hCG cut-off values and a higher detection rate of fetal Down's syndrome (74·45 per cent) than the current French protocol. This paper concludes that it is ethical and value-laden issues, such as the consequences for women and couples of false positives and false negatives of screening, rather than economic and financial arguments that may set limits to the utilization of screening for Down's syndrome using maternal serum markers like hCG. 相似文献
24.
Amador-Rodezno R 《Journal of Safety Research》2005,36(3):215-229
INTRODUCTION: The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and CERSSO collaborated to develop a new Tool Kit (TK), which became available in May 2002. PAHO already had a TK in place, and CERSSO requested that one be developed for their needs. CERSSO wanted to enable managers and line workers in garment factories to self-diagnose plant and workstation hazards and to estimate the costs and benefits of investing in occupational safety and health (OSH) as a way to improve productivity and competitiveness. METHODS: For consistency, the collaborating organizations agreed to construct the TK according to PAHO's methodology. The instrument was developed to be comprehensive enough that any user can collect the data easily. It integrates epidemiologic, risk assessment, clinic, engineering, and accountability issues, organized to include step-by-step training in: (a) performing risk assessments in the workplaces (risk factors); (b) making cause-effect relationships; (c) improving decision making on OSH interventions; (d) doing calculations of direct and indirect costs and savings; and (e) doing calculation of the overall cost-benefit of OSH interventions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Since July 2002, about 2,400 employees and officials from 736 garment factories, Ministries of Labor, Health, Social Security Institutes, and Technical Training Institutions of Central America and the Dominican Republic have used this instrument. Systematically, they have calculated a positive relationship of the investment (3 to 33 times). Employers are now aware of the financial rewards of investing in OSH. The TK is available in Spanish, Korean, and English. In July 2003, a software program in Spanish and English was developed (180 persons have been trained in the region), which requires less time to execute with better reliability. 相似文献
25.
Jesús M. Avilés Jarkko Rutila Anders Pape Møller 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,58(6):608-617
Hole-nesting habits of redstarts Phoenicurus phoenicurus make laying difficult for parasitic cuckoo Cuculus canorus females and eviction of host eggs difficult for the cuckoo hatchling, causing fitness costs of cuckoo parasitism to be lower than those reported for open nesting hosts. Redstarts have recognition problems when confronted with real cuckoo eggs showing a perfect mimicry with their own eggs since they never eject when parasitized with perfect mimetic cuckoo eggs but instead desert the nest. Here we use a cost-benefit model to assess the effects of parasitism costs and the probability of being parasitized to estimate the reproductive success of redstarts when accepting or rejecting in the presence or absence of parasitism. Baseline data for model calculations come from this and a previous study on a cuckoo parasitized redstart population in Finland. When desertion implies a loss of 50%, we found that below a threshold value of 20% parasitism redstarts should accept cuckoo eggs since the costs of rejection exceed the benefits, whereas above this threshold they should reject. Interestingly, as the cost of desertion increases the threshold value, it should pay the redstart to reject increasingly at an exponential rate. Our field observations on natural parasitism and experiments with artificial cuckoo eggs confirmed the predictions from the model when hatching failures of the cuckoo were taken into account. Therefore, the low cost imposed by cuckoo parasitism in the system, and the presumably high cost of desertion as a response to parasitism favours acceptance over rejection for a wide range of parasitism pressures. This finding could explain the low rejection rate of real cuckoo eggs found in the redstart despite the presumably long history of a coevolutionary relationship with the cuckoo in Finland. 相似文献
26.
路面预防性养护时机确定方法探讨 总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31
介绍了路面预防性养护时机的确定方法 :应用行驶质量指数或破坏指数、基于时间或路况、效益费用评估、生命周期费用分析、决策树或决策矩阵、评分排序方法进行路面预防性养护时机的确定 ;挖掘了目前路面预防性养护时机选取方法中存在的不足。根据路面破坏的复杂性以及目前路面预防性养护时机选取方法的不足 ,提出应对措施 ,路面预防性养护时机研究应该在一个多标准、基于路面性能的基础上进行 ;在路面结构性能良好的情况下 ,基于预防性养护的路面功能性能衰变是进行路面预防性养护时机研究的关键 相似文献
27.
Robert G. Paterson Michael I. Luger Raymond J. Burby Edward J. Kaiser H. Rooney Malcom Alicia C. Beard 《Environmental management》1993,17(2):167-178
The EPA’s new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize urban erosion and sediment pollution
control practices nationwide. The public and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina’s program
(one of the strongest programs in the country in terms of implementation authority, staffing levels, and comprehensiveness
of coverage) are examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating to the likely burden the new best management
practices will have on the development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and the feasibility of running
a program on a cost recovery basis. We found that urban erosion and sediment control requirements were not particularly burdensome
to the development industry (adding about 4% on average to development costs). Public-sector program costs ranged between
$2.4 and $4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. Our contingent valuation survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina
are willing to pay somewhere between $7.1 and $14.2 million a year to maintain current levels of sediment pollution control.
Our benefit-cost analysis suggests that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure is elusive.
Lastly, we found that several North Carolina localities have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing.
This article is based on research by the authors for the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources
(DEHNR). The views are those of the research team and do not necessarily reflect the position of DEHNR. 相似文献
28.
29.
Ecological interactions between crops and wild animals frequently result in increases or declines in crop yield. Yet, positive and negative interactions have mostly been treated independently, owing partly to disciplinary silos in ecological and agricultural sciences. We advocate a new integrated research paradigm that explicitly recognizes cost-benefit trade-offs among animal activities and acknowledges that these activities occur within social-ecological contexts. Support for this paradigm is presented in an evidence-based conceptual model structured around five evidence statements highlighting emerging trends applicable to sustainable agriculture. The full range of benefits and costs associated with animal activities in agroecosystems cannot be quantified by focusing on single species groups, crops, or systems. Management of productive agroecosystems should sustain cycles of ecological interactions between crops and wild animals, not isolate these cycles from the system. Advancing this paradigm will therefore require integrated studies that determine net returns of animal activity in agroecosystems.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0696-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献30.
Viatcheslav Moutavtchi Jan Stenis William Hogland Antonina Shepeleva Håkan Andersson 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):62-70
A cost methodology is proposed for evaluating the ecological-economic efficiency of a municipal solid waste management scheme
based on the recommendations of cost-benefit analysis and the full-cost accounting methodology for municipal solid waste management.
The methodology employs the previously introduced waste managements’ efficient decision (WAMED) model and the company statistical
business tool for environmental recovery (COSTBUSTER) indicator. A case study presents the practical application of the proposed
cost-benefit analysis-based theory to the landfilling concept currently applied in Kalmar, Sweden. It is concluded that the
presented provisions for evaluation of the ecological-economic efficiency of a municipal solid waste management scheme reflect
a novel integrated approach to solving the problem of simultaneously decreasing the negative impacts of municipal solid waste
on the environment and the health of the population while providing an information support tool for decision making in municipal
solid waste management at regional and municipal levels to improve small-and medium-sized company competitiveness in particular. 相似文献