石油储罐油气蒸发损耗的成因、危害及对策

油气蒸发威胁安全,蒸发的油蒸气易引发爆炸,从而导致油罐爆炸着火。油蒸气是气相烃类,属有毒物品,漂浮地面易致人窒息。油蒸气还易形成光化学烟雾的二次污染物。由于油蒸气的蒸发损耗,全世界每年散失于大气中的油气约为１×１０８吨,折合人民币２４００亿元。因其所蒸发的都是油料中的最轻组分且油气蒸发还严重影响成品油质量。笔者分析了油气蒸发损耗的危害、产生原因及各种影响因素,并提出了降低油气蒸发损耗的对策     

我国铁矿区土地复垦存在的问题及对策研究

铁矿开采过程中严重地破坏土地,改变了矿区的生态环境。铁矿区土地复垦是恢复矿区生态环境的主要措施。本文对铁矿区土地复垦的现状、存在的问题进行了探讨,并对铁矿区土地复垦提出一些建议。     

农田土壤化肥污染及对策

分析了化肥对土壤环境产生的不良影响;增加土壤重金属与有毒元素;导致土壤硝酸盐积累;破坏土壤结构,促进土壤酸化;降低土壤微生物活动。提出了防治措施;强化环境保护意识,加强土壤肥料的监测和管理;增施有机肥;推广配方施肥技术;施用硝化抑制剂;改进施肥方法。     

我国温室气体排放量估测初探

简述了温室气体估测方法;分析了我国能源、工业及农业CO₂、CH₄等温室气体排放量的现状;并对2020年我国温室气体排放量进行预测。同时,提出了相应的对策建议。      

蓄牧业对大伙房水库水质的影响

于 198 0 - 2 0 0 3年对大伙房水库及上游流域主要营养物 (N、P)等进行了分析。结果表明 :水库主要污染物为氮、磷。上游流域的种植、养殖、生活污水是水库氮、磷污染的主要因子。论述了水库营养物 (N、P)物流来源及平衡关系和污染份额。确立了水库汇水区内存在的问题和治理对策     

环境污染事故应急监测的对策

提出环境污染事故应急监测应分为环境污染事故发生时和环境污染事故发生后两大类,当环境污染事故发生时,主要污染物是以气体状态存在,当环境污染事故发生后,污染的是水体、土壤及生物等环境样品,并对其中6个类型污染事故发生时的应急监测作了阐述。     

Computerised Decision Support Systems for the management of freshwater radioecological emergencies: assessment of the state-of-the-art with respect to the experiences and needs of end-users

Assessment of the environmental and radiological consequences of a nuclear accident requires the management of a great deal of data and information as well as the use of predictive models. Computerised Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are essential tools for this kind of complex assessment and for assisting experts with a rational decision process. The present work focuses on the assessment of the main features of selected state-of-the-art CDSS for off-site management of freshwater ecosystems contaminated by radionuclides. This study involved both developers and end-users of the assessed CDSS and was based on practical customisation exercises, installation and application of the decision systems. Potential end-users can benefit from the availability of several ready-to-use CDSS that allow one to run different kinds of models aimed at predicting the behaviour of radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems, evaluating doses to humans, assessing the effectiveness of different kinds of environmental management interventions and ranking these interventions, accounting for their social, economic and environmental impacts. As a result of the present assessment, the importance of CDSS “integration” became apparent: in many circumstances, different CDSS can be used as complementary tools for the decision-making process. The results of this assessment can also be useful for the future development and improvement of the CDSS.     

南京市某城镇污水处理厂运行问题分析及对策

随着大量污水处理厂的建成投运,中国污水处理事业的重心必然会从以建设为主转向建设与运行并重,运行管理将发挥越来越重要的作用。文中以南京市某城镇污水处理厂为例,分析该污水处理厂运行过程COD、NH^3-N排放超标问题,并提出对策(健全配套污水收集管网,提升工艺参数DO、NO^3-、NO^2-的控制水平,规范运行台账管理等),以期为其他城镇污水处理厂的运行管理提供参考。     

Trends of hazardous material accidents (HMAs) during highway transportation from 2013 to 2018 in China

Statistical analysis of hazardous material accidents (HMAs) in China from 20013 to 2018 related to characteristics and consequences is discussed in this study, revealing different time volatility, spatial distribution and accident consequence features. Yearly, monthly, weekly and hourly levels of HMAs are analysed, and the corresponding factors are discussed. The trends of HMAs are affected by different factors, such as efforts toward safety-specific rectification by the government, holidays, five-day workweek systems and daily traffic peaks. The spatial distribution trends indicate that highway transportation of hazardous materials is mostly short-distance transport. The accidents that occurred on normal road sections account for 82.76% of the total HMAs during transportation. Leaking accidents caused by HMAs account for 79.35% of the total accidents. Countermeasures focusing on improving highway transportation safety for hazardous materials are recommended.     

中国危险废物管理现状研究

分析了我国危险废物的产生特点,概述了我国危险废物管理法规体系,以及目前国内危险废物管理的研究情况,指出我国危险废物管理中存在的问题,并提出相应的对策。