氢自养还原菌同步去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)和NO3-

本实验研究了序批式条件下Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-浓度、pH值和H₂含量对于氢自养还原菌同步去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的性能及微生物群落的影响.结果表明：系统中存在氢气时,正常活性的氢自养还原菌可实现Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度不高于2000 μg/L时,Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的还原速率及氢自养还原菌的活性不会受到Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度的影响;作为一种优先电子受体,NO₃^-会与Cr（Ⅵ）争夺电子,降低Cr（Ⅵ）的还原速率;氢自养还原菌同步还原Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的最佳pH值为7.0左右,酸性或碱性环境都会抑制Cr（Ⅵ）还原,且NO₂^-会随着pH值的升高逐渐积累;作为电子供体,H₂是还原Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的必要条件,但H₂足量后,过量提供H₂不能提高Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的还原速率.     

双子型复配增强两性膨润土吸附Cr(VI)的效应

在两性修饰剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱（BS）修饰膨润土的基础上,采用双子型阳离子修饰剂乙撑基双十四烷基二甲基氯化铵（EB）对其进行复配修饰,以批处理法研究了不同修饰比例、温度、pH值和离子强度条件下,BS+EB复配修饰膨润土对Cr（VI）的吸附规律和热力学特征,并通过吸附Cr（VI）前后BS+EB复配修饰膨润土的红外光谱和表面电荷探讨了其吸附机制.结果表明,与BS两性修饰膨润土比较,EB复配修饰显著增强了其对Cr（VI）的吸附能力,吸附量增加了2.02~27.25倍,30℃时吸附量呈现BS+150EB（BS和150%比例的EB复配修饰膨润土） > BS+100EB > BS+50EB > BS+25EB > BS > CK（膨润土）的趋势,对Cr（VI）的吸附量随EB修饰比例增加而上升.CK、BS修饰膨润土对Cr（VI）呈现自发、熵增和焓增的特征,而BS+EB复配修饰膨润土对Cr（VI）吸附量随着温度的升高而降低,呈现出增温负效应.随着pH值的升高、离子强度增加,各供试土样对Cr（VI）的吸附量逐渐降低.红外光谱和土壤表面电荷结果证实电荷引力是BS+EB复配修饰土吸附Cr（VI）的主要机制.     

两性与两性复配修饰膨润土增强塿土吸附Cr(VI)的研究

为了证实添加修饰黏土对塿土吸附Cr(VI)的增强作用,分别将2%、5%、8%和10%(质量分数)的200%CEC BS-12(十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱)修饰膨润土(B200B)和100%CEC BS-12+100%CEC DTAB(十二烷基三甲基溴化铵)复配修饰膨润土(B100B/100D)加入到天然塿土,以批处理法研究供试土样对Cr(VI)的等温吸附特征,并对比了p H值、温度和离子强度(I)对Cr(VI)吸附的影响.结果表明:不同B100B/100D塿土(B100B/100D混合塿土)和B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量分别是CK(塿土)的1.52~4.28和1.99~5.12倍,且等添加比例下B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量高于B100B/100D塿土.10~30℃范围内,CK、2%B100B/100D和2%B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附呈增温正效应;当修饰土添加比例大于2%时,温度效应由增温正效应向负效应转变.CK对Cr(VI)的吸附量在不同p H值(4~7)处理下差异不显著,而B100B/100D和B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量均随p H值升高而降低.CK和B100B/100D塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量均随离子强度(I)的增大而降低,B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量以I=0.1 mol·L~(-1)时最高,以I=0.5 mol·L~(-1)时最低.B100B/100D和B200B塿土吸附Cr(VI)是自发的物理过程,随修饰土添加比例的增大,吸附表现为焓增、熵减特征.     

高铁酸盐(Fe(Ⅵ))氧化去除水中PPCPs的研究进展

药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)采用传统的污水处理方法不易去除,高铁酸盐(Fe(VI))因具有强氧化性,且氧化产物Fe(III)具有絮凝作用,近年来被广泛应用于去除PPCPs。介绍了Fe(VI)近年来的制备进展,分析了Fe(VI)去除PPCPs的效率及影响因素,探讨了Fe(VI)与PPCPs的反应机理及产物、中间产物的毒性变化,并展望了未来Fe(VI)去除PPCPs的研究方向。Fe(VI)能有效去除多种PPCPs,去除效率受p H值、温度、Fe(VI)初始浓度和PPCPs性质影响,Fe(VI)与PPCPs反应的中间产物毒性值得关注。     

Assessment of mobility and bioavailability of contaminants in MSW incineration ash with aquatic and terrestrial bioassays

Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste treatment method which can be sustainable in terms of waste volume reduction as well as a source of renewable energy. In the process fly and bottom ash is generated as a waste material. The ash residue may vary greatly in composition depending on the type of waste incinerated and it can contain elevated levels of harmful contaminants such as heavy metals. In this study, the ecotoxicity of a weathered, untreated incineration bottom ash was characterized as defined by the H14 criterion of the EU Waste Framework Directive by means of an elemental analysis, leaching tests followed by a chemical analysis and a combination of aquatic and solid-phase bioassays. The experiments were conducted to assess the mobility and bioavailability of ash contaminants. A combination of aquatic and terrestrial bioassays was used to determine potentially adverse acute effects of exposure to the solid ash and aqueous ash leachates. The results from the study showed that the bottom ash from a municipal waste incineration plant in mid-Sweden contained levels of metals such as Cu, Pb and Zn, which exceeded the Swedish EPA limit values for inert wastes. The chemical analysis of the ash leachates showed high concentrations of particularly Cr. The leachate concentration of Cr exceeded the limit value for L/S 10 leaching for inert wastes. Filtration of leachates prior to analysis may have underestimated the leachability of complex-forming metals such as Cu and Pb. The germination test of solid ash and ash leachates using T. repens showed a higher inhibition of seedling emergence of seeds exposed to the solid ash than the seeds exposed to ash leachates. This indicated a relatively low mobility of toxicants from the solid ash into the leachates, although some metals exceeded the L/S 10 leaching limit values for inert wastes. The Microtox® toxicity test showed only a very low toxic response to the ash leachate exposure, while the D. magna immobility test showed a moderately high toxic effect of the ash leachates. Overall, the results from this study showed an ecotoxic effect of the solid MSW bottom ash and the corresponding ash leachates. The material may therefore pose an environmental risk if used in construction applications. However, as the testing of the solid ash was rather limited and the ash leachate showed an unusually high leaching of Cr, further assessments are required in order to conclusively characterize the bottom ash studied herein as hazardous according to the H14 criterion.     

A study of Cr(VI) in ashes from fluidized bed combustion of municipal solid waste: leaching, secondary reactions and the applicability of some speciation methods

The use of the fluidized bed technique for the combustion of municipal solid waste is a rather new concept. This type of combustor produces ash residues with somewhat different properties than the residues generated from the traditional mass burn techniques. Therefore, chemical characterization and the investigation of toxic metals behavior during ash water reactions are necessary for the safe disposal of these residues. In the present work, the total elemental composition, mineralogy and leaching behavior of ashes from the combustion of municipal solid waste in a fluidized bed combustion boiler have been investigated. The cyclone ash and, in particular, the filter ash contained considerable amounts of soluble substances, thus giving leachates with high levels of Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca2 + and Al(IIl). On the other hand, the two ash fractions taken in the boiler, the bottom and hopper ashes, were much more stable with respect to the release of salts and heavy metals. Since Cr(VI) is mobile and toxic its release from combustion residues can pose environmental problem. Even though the total Cr contents were similar in all ashes studied, the bottom ash gave about a thousand times higher levels of Cr(VI) in test leachates than the hopper, cyclone and filter ashes. However, it was found that the leached amount of Cr(VI) from the bottom ash decreased significantly when bottom ash was mixed with the hopper ash. The most probable cause for this decrease is the coupled oxidation of Al(0) to Al(III) and reduction of dissolved Cr(VI) to Cr(III). This finding that the mixing of two ash streams from the same boiler could result in the immobilization of Cr may point at a simple stabilization method. Selective extraction of water soluble, exchangeable and sparingly soluble forms of Cr(VI) was also investigated. Extraction methods were evaluated for their suitability for ash matrixes. It was found that interferences due to the presence of reducing substances in some ash materials may occur.     

酸化污泥回流的生物淋滤技术处理制革污泥

采用回流——即在原始污泥中添加淋滤结束的生物酸化污泥继续进行淋滤的方法,研究了回流比、混合污泥起始pH值、酸化污泥pH值对生物淋滤技术去除制革污泥中重金属铬的影响.结果表明,采用回流的方法能够同步完成原污泥的预酸化和接种,当控制回流后混合污泥的起始pH值在4.00左右时,经过3d的淋滤,污泥的pH值下降到1.95以下,污泥中铬的溶出率达到95%以上.     

烧结烟气选择性催化还原脱硝补热装置的优化

烧结烟气选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝系统补热烟气与热风掺混的均匀性是保证系统脱硝效率的关键。为提高烟风掺混的均匀性,基于伯努利方程设计了等压热风掺混装置,采用数值模拟的方法对全系统流场分布特性进行了研究。结果表明：等压掺混方式可实现大截面、短距离烟道内烟风的迅速混合;SCR脱硝催化剂入口截面温度和氨氮摩尔比均匀稳定,优化后的温度场温度偏差小于±5 ℃,氨氮摩尔比相对标准偏差小于5%;出口NO_x含量为15~28 mg/Nm³,低于50 mg/Nm³的超低排放技术指标要求。     

基于最小二乘法的灰色 GM（1，1）改进模型在非煤矿山事故预测中的应用

根据灰色理论及其相关理论,通过对GM（1,1）模型中微分方程使用最小二乘法多项式拟合来求解,提出一种改进GM（1,1）模型。将改进模型的预测精度与原始模型进行了比较得出采用二次多项式拟合的改进模型预测精度高于原始模型,因此采用二次多项式拟合GM（1,1）改进模型。并将该改进模型用于我国非煤矿山事故预测中,对2008-2010年我国非煤矿山伤亡事故死亡率进行预测性计算并且与真实数据进行了比对,进一步验证了模型的可行性。     

隔爆低频永磁同步电动机矢量控制方式研究

为了解决隔爆低频（TBD）型永磁同步电动机（PMSM）中如何利用精确的转子位置和速度信号去实现磁场定向的问题,分析了永磁同步电动机的矢量控制理论,讨论了无传感器矢量控制方案,提出了基于空间电压矢量脉宽调制（SVPWM）技术的矢量控制方案,采用TMS320LF2812为核心处理器进行矢量控制系统的硬件设计,采用DSP编程实现该系统的软件设计,进行了基于无传感器矢量控制系统的仿真研究及实验波形分析。结果表明：无传感器矢量控制方案具有很好的动态特性,能够稳定运行,满足驱动系统的要求。