广西城市污水处理厂污泥产生及处置现状分析

基于2017年广西14个地级市的46座城市污水处理厂统计数据,分析了污泥产生特性和污泥处置方式。结果表明:广西城市污水处理厂2017年污泥产生总量为8.20万t/a(绝干),处置方式以直接填埋、堆肥土地利用和水泥窑协同处置为主,直接填埋量、堆肥土地利用量、水泥窑协同处置量分别占比26.98%、37.68%和35.34%;广西主要城市污水处理厂2017年平均污泥产率为4.18 t/万m 3(污泥含水率80%),污泥产率普遍偏低。针对污泥处置带来的二次污染问题,建议加强污泥处置后的跟踪评价并做好预防措施。     

控释尿素对黄河故道沙性潮土N2O排放的影响

建立田间原位试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了常规尿素及其与硫包膜和聚氨酯包膜控释尿素配施(比例分别为30%∶70%、 50%∶50%和70%∶30%)对黄河故道沙性潮土玉米生长季氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响.研究发现:常规尿素处理N_2O排放量(以N计,下同)为1.78 kg·hm~(-2),排放系数为0.38%;与之相比,配施30%、 50%和70%硫包膜尿素处理的N_2O排放量分别降低了1.12%、 22.5%和11.2%,排放系数下降2.63%～26.3%.相反,配施聚氨酯包膜尿素处理增加N_2O排放量0.02～0.41 kg·hm~(-2),其中70%聚氨酯包膜尿素处理增幅最大,达到23.0%.回归分析表明,各处理N_2O排放通量与10 cm处土温、土壤NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而与土壤孔隙含水量和溶解性有机碳含量无显著关系.与常规尿素相比, 50%常规尿素+50%硫包膜控释尿素处理玉米产量略有增加,而30%常规尿素+70%硫包膜尿素处理稍微降低了玉米产量,但不显著(P0.05).因此,控释肥减缓土壤N_2O排放以及对作物产量的影响主要受控于包衣材料.     

覆膜方式和灌溉对夏玉米产量及农田碳排放强度的影响

为探讨不同覆膜方式和灌溉对夏玉米农田产量和温室气体排放的影响,本研究设计了雨养(R)和灌溉(I)这两个主处理,对照(CK)、半膜覆盖(HM)和全膜覆盖(FM)这3个副处理,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法监测了2014和2015年土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的排放通量,并借助碳排放强度(GHGI)指标进一步评价了不同覆膜方式的固碳减排效果.结果表明,与RCK相比,RHM和RFM在2014年增产作用不明显,而2015年分别增加19. 6%和26. 8%;与ICK相比,IHM增产作用不显著,而IFM在2014和2015年均显著增产,达到14. 1%和55. 8%.灌溉仅对2015年CO_2排放有显著促进作用(P 0. 01),同一主处理下覆膜方式对CO_2排放没有显著影响(P 0. 05).灌溉对CH_4吸收没有显著影响(P 0. 05),覆膜对CH_4吸收具有抑制作用. ICK相比RCK,N_2O排放量仅在2015年存在显著性差异,显著减少了22. 3%;与RCK相比,RHM和RFM在2014年N_2O排放量差异不显著,2015年分别显著降低了50. 7%和51. 4%; IHM和IFM与ICK相比,2014年N_2O排放分别显著减少了47. 5%和54. 2%,2015年分别减少了9. 6%和52. 2%.灌溉可以通过提高产量从而显著降低GHGI;与RCK相比,RHM和RFM的GHGI仅在2015年显著降低,分别达到60. 1%和61. 7%;与ICK相比,IHM和IFM在2014年GHGI分别显著降低了39. 7%和53. 2%,2015年分别降低了22. 2%和67. 5%,即全膜覆盖降低GHGI的效果优于半膜覆盖.因此,对夏玉米种植而言,灌溉条件下全膜覆盖能保证作物高产稳产并降低农田碳排放强度.     

Dynamics of major air pollutants from crop residue burning in mainland China, 2000–2014

Based on satellite image data and China's Statistical Yearbooks(2000 to 2014), we estimated the total mass of crop residue burned, and the proportion of residue burned in the field vs.indoors as domestic fuel. The total emissions of various pollutants from the burning of crop residue were estimated for 2000-2014 using the emission factor method. The results indicate that the total amount of crop residue and average burned mass were 8690.9 Tg and4914.6 Tg, respectively. The total amount of emitted pollutants including CO_2, CO, NOx,VOCs, PM_(2.5), OC(organic carbon), EC(element carbon) and TC(total carbon) were 4212.4–8440.9 Tg, 192.8–579.4 Tg, 4.8–19.4 Tg, 18.6–61.3 Tg, 18.8–49.7 Tg, 6.7–31.3 Tg, 2.3–4.7 Tg, and8.5–34.1 Tg, respectively. The emissions of pollutants released from crop residue burning were found to be spatially variable, with the burning of crop residue mainly occurring in Northeast, North and South China. In addition, pollutant emissions per unit area(10 km ×10 km) were mostly concentrated in the central and eastern regions of China. Emissions of CO_2, NOx, VOCs, OC and TC were mainly from rice straw burning, while burning of corn and wheat residues contributed most to emissions of CO, PM_(2.5) and EC. The increased ratio of PM_(2.5) emissions from crop residue burning to the total emitted from industry during the study period is attributed to the implementation of strict emissions management policies in Chinese industry. This study also provides baseline data for assessment of the regional atmospheric environment.     

Effects of thermobarical pretreatment of cattle waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion

Lab-scale experiments were conducted to assess the impact of thermobarical treatment of cattle waste on anaerobic digestion. Treatment was at temperatures of 140–220 °C in 20 K steps for a 5-min duration. Methane yields could be increased by up to 58% at a treatment temperature of 180 °C. At 220 °C the abundance of inhibitors and other non-digestible substances led to lower methane yields than those obtained from untreated material. In an extended analysis it could be demonstrated that there is a functional correlation between the methane yields after 30 days and the formation rate and methane yield in the acceleration phase. It could be proved in a regression of these correlation values that the optimum treatment temperature is 164 °C and that the minimum treatment temperature should be above 115 °C.     

废石-尾砂高浓度料浆的流变特性及屈服应力预测模型

为了研究矿山粗骨料(废石)充填的新模式,达到矿山绿色生产的需求.首先在大量试验的基础上给出了粗骨料料浆的高浓度特征.其次对大红山铜矿的废石与尾砂进行级配分析,选用最优配比m(废石)∶m(尾砂)为6∶4进行流变试验,分析其流变特性.最后应用双因素方差法分析了水泥添加量与质量浓度对屈服应力的影响.结果表明,废石-尾砂高浓度料浆属屈服-假塑性体,水泥添加量对屈服应力的影响更显著,屈服应力与水灰比及骨料体积分数存在定量的关系.在此基础上,建立了屈服应力的预测模型,预测结果的误差在5％以内.     

The combination of subsoil and the incorporation of corn stover affect physicochemical properties of soil and corn yield in semi-arid China

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of combining subsoil and incorporation of corn stover on soil profile, soil physicochemical properties, and corn yield. A five-year field trial was conducted that consisted of two treatments arranged in a completely random design and replicated three times. Two soil management operations were tested: subsoil + corn stover incorporation (plow construction [PC] treatment) and conventional rotary tillage (control check [CK] treatment). Compared with rotary tillage, it was found that combining subsoil and corn stover incorporation significantly affected corn grain yield in all seasons. Further, combining subsoil and corn stover incorporation significantly increased the thickness of the plow layer, quantity of plow layer soil, thickness of the plow pan and soil bulk density, as well as soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. Evidence indicates that reconstructing the soil plow layer through combination of subsoil and corn stover incorporation improved soil structure, nutrient content, and corn yield. It is of interest that farmers are now applying subsoil and returning crop straw instead of solely relying on rotary tillage.     

EFFECTS OF SIMULATED CLOUD SEEDING ON STREAMFLOW OF SELECTED WATERSHEDS IN PENNSYLVANIA1

A mathematical model was developed to simulate the hydrologic behavior of five small watersheds in central Pennsylvania. Continuous hydrographs for the 6-month period, April to September 1964, were simulated. Synthesized rainfall cycles consisting of increasing rainfall by 10, 20, and 30 percent to simulate the effects of cloud seeding were processed through the watershed model to determine the effects on low flow augmentation. Other rainfall cycles used consisted of increasing every third storm by 30 percent and of developing a rainfall cycle by processing daily radiosonde data through a mathematical cumulus cloud model to obtain a prediction of rainfall following seeding. A comparison of actual and predicted hydrographs indicated that simulated cloud seeding resulted in significant monthly and seasonal water yields. In general, the results of the study appear to indicate that on a theoretical basis cloud seeding would be a feasible method of augmenting low stream-flow during the summer months on watersheds in the northern Appalachian region.     

Management provoked conflict in fisheries

Fishery management concepts incorporate a number of value judgements about what social goals are right for a fishery. These value judgements result in optimizing some goals over others. Since the public, fishermen, and consumers weight goals differently than managers, frustration and conflict result. The correspondence between social goals specified by the public and those inherent in management concepts needs to be evaluated.