泥石流滩地农业资源化开发与利用——以蒋家沟为例

泥石流滩地是山区宝贵的土地资源,其农业资源化开发与利用对促进当地社会经济发展和生态环境改善具有重要意义。以蒋家沟流域为例,在野外调查、遥感解译和实验分析的基础上,阐述了泥石流滩地农业资源化的原则和依据,建立了人畜 土地载荷平衡模型,分析了滩地开发利用的依据、效益和途径,并探讨了泥石流滩地未来农业资源化的思路和对策。研究结果表明：（1） 建立的人畜 土地载荷平衡模型反映了流域生态环境特征,能有效评价滩地开发利用的生态效益;（2）流域滩地农业资源化每年可产生500多万元的经济效益,除满足全流域6 418人的粮食需求外,还可提供338 t商品粮,是促进当地脱贫致富和社会经济发展的重要途径;（3）泥石流滩地既是宝贵的土地资源又是灾害的场所,其开发与利用可有效缓解山区人地矛盾,具有良好的生态效益,但需要在加强灾害防治和防灾减灾意识的基础上,进行深度农业资源化开发.     

Growth, yield and elements content of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in composted municipal solid wastes amended soil

A commercial formulation of composted municipal solid wastes (MSW) was used for amending soil at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha⁻¹ in which wheat had been grown (field experiments) and element residues of amended soil and plant parts were enumerated. MSW amendment caused a significant improvement in soil quality. Growth (shoot length, leaf number, leaf area, tiller number, plant dry weight and chlorophyll contents of leaves) and yield (length of panicle, number of panicles per plant and grain yield per plant) of wheat increased gradually up to the MSW-amendment level of 200 kg ha⁻¹. Elements, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb accumulated in plants from MSW amended soil, but the degree of metal accumulation was the least in seeds in comparison to other plant parts (root, stem and leaf). Moreover, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb, were in high concentration in all plant parts. It is recorded that the level of 200 kg ha⁻¹ MSW amendment caused better growth and yield of wheat, but progressive levels of metal accumulation in plant parts were recorded due to increase in amendment levels. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

江苏省武进市高产水稻田氮素渗漏损失研究

小区试验与农户调查研究结果表明 ,2 87kg/hm2施氮量宜作为武进市高产水稻的适宜施氮量 ,氮肥的过多施用不仅导致秸秆对氮素的奢侈吸收 ,也加重氮肥对渗漏水的污染。进一步降低水稻田施氮水平 ,又保持高产的水稻生产技术尚待开发。     

LaCl3对桃树优质增产的生理学探讨

在桃树果实膨大期喷施ＬａＣｌ３（１５ｍｇ／Ｌρ）３次,能明显提高桃树座果率和单果重,增加产量,改善品质．实验显示,这与稀土镧增加桃树叶片叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,比叶重,希尔反应活力,硝酸还原酶活性,促进光合产物输出等多重生理学作用相关．     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅰ. 作物产量

在辽宁西部褐土上历时10 a的田间试验结果表明：氮肥对提高作物产量效果最好,平均增产率50%,平均每千克 N增产粮食21 kg。供试褐土富磷,试验前3 a施磷肥不显增产作用,之后增产明显,10 a平均增产率10.9%,平均每千克 P增产粮食47 kg。供试褐土富钾,连续10 a施钾肥不显增产作用。 在施用化肥基础上每年以60%收获产品直接堆腐回田,可比对应的化肥处理分别增产（10 a平均）40.6%（无肥对照）、19.5%（N肥基础）、12.1%（NP肥）和8.1%（NPK肥）,平均年增产粮食（混合、烘干）分别为1.54、1.08、0.79、0.52 t/hm2。养分循环再利用的作物增产效益在试验的10 a中有着逐年增长的趋势,表明以堆肥形式循环回田养分的作物增产作用有着明显的残效叠加效应。     

Flood Disaster Reduction in China's Major Cereal Production Areas

1The Agricultural Resources and Yielding Status of the Major Cereal ProductionAreasNEC,RBHHH and ML RYR are the three major areas for agricultural and cereal production inChina and the national bases for growing commodity grain with first priority.Especially,theThree-River Plain and Songhuajiang-Nenjiang Plain in NEC,the alluvial plain of the Huanghe,Haihe and Huaihe rivers in RBHHH and the plain of two rivers (Hanshui and Huaihe) and threelakes (Poyang,Dongting and Taihu) in …     

不同微生物菌肥对滨海盐渍土土壤质量及玉米产量的影响

微生物菌肥改良盐渍土具有高效环保的特点,施用功能性微生物菌肥对滨海地区盐渍障碍绿色消减和土壤质量提升有重要意义. 试验基于河北省滨海地区中度盐渍土,以玉米为指示作物,在常规化肥施用基础上设置施加推荐用量的不同微生物菌肥T1（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+复合菌剂75 kg·hm^-2）、T2（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+巨大芽孢杆菌300 kg·hm^-2）、T3（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+胶冻芽孢杆菌300 kg·hm^-2）、T4（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+有机硅肥600 kg·hm^-2）、T5（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+生物有机肥600 kg·hm^-2）、T6（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+活性微藻15 kg·hm^-2）和仅施化肥750 kg·hm^-2（CK）7个处理,研究玉米两个关键时期（大喇叭口期和成熟期）不同微生物菌肥对土壤养分、盐分、细菌群落和玉米产量与经济效益的影响. 结果表明,相较CK,T1显著提高了全生育期土壤全氮（TN）和有效磷（AP）含量;成熟期土壤有机质（OM）含量较大喇叭口期平均增加10.35%,但各处理间无显著性差异;相较于CK,T5和T6显著降低了全生育期土壤全盐量和Ca²⁺含量,平均降低14.51%~18.48%和24.25%~25.51%. T1显著提高全生育期细菌多样性指数,较CK提高了45.16%;土壤优势菌门为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门,优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属和Geminicoccaceae. 研究区细菌群落最丰富的功能是化能异养和需氧化能异养,平均相对丰度为28.89%和27.11%,T3和T6显著提高土壤氮循环功能. 冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,Na⁺、SO₄^2-、pH和EC是驱动细菌群落结构的重要因素,相关性热图显示Na⁺、SO₄^2-、pH和EC主要与浮霉菌门呈显著正相关,土壤OM和TN与蓝细菌显著正相关. 相较CK,T6在生育期内增加了蓝细菌的相对丰度,优化了细菌群落结构. 使用推荐用量的菌肥T1和T6分别提高了7.31%~24.83%的玉米产量和9.05%~23.23%的经济效益;土壤化学性质与产量相关性分析结果初步揭示了EC、AP、HCO₃^-和Mg²⁺是限制滨海地区土壤生产力的障碍因子. 综上,推荐用量下使用复合菌剂（T1）和活性微藻（T6）可显著提升土壤养分、降低盐分和改善土壤细菌群落结构多样性,既保证了玉米增产增效,又实现了微生物菌肥高效利用和土壤质量提升.     

黄壤稻田土壤微生物量碳氮及水稻品质对生物炭配施氮肥的响应

探讨生物炭与氮肥减量配施对黄壤稻田土壤微生物碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)和稻谷产量及品质的影响,旨在为该区域土壤培肥及氮肥减施增效提供科学依据.采用大田试验,设置5个氮肥减施梯度(TO～T4):0、10％、20％、30％和40％,用等氮量生物炭氮替代,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),在水稻成熟期进行测产采样,并对样品进行室内...     

Enhancement of Rhodobacter sphaeroides growth and carotenoid production through biostimulation

Bacillus thuringiensis/cereus L2 was added as a biostimulant to enhance the biomass accumulation and carotenoid yield of Rhodobacter sphaeroides using wastewater as the culturing medium. Results showed that biostimulation could significantly enhance the R. sphaeroides biomass production and carotenoid yield. The optimal biostimulant proportion was 40 μL(about 6.4 × 105CFU). Through the use of biostimulation, chemical oxygen demand removal, R. sphaeroides biomass production, carotenoid concentration, and carotenoid yield were improved by 178%, 67%, 214%, and 70%, respectively. Theoretical analysis revealed that there were two possible reasons for such increases. One was that biostimulation enhanced the R. sphaeroides wastewater treatment efficiency. The other was that biostimulation significantly decreased the peroxidase activity in R. sphaeroides. The results showed that the highest peroxidase activity dropped by 87% and the induction ratio of the RSP_3419 gene was 3.1 with the addition of biostimulant. The enhanced carotenoid yield in R. sphaeroides could thus be explained by a decrease in peroxidase activity.     

SENSITIVITY OF GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELS TO VERTICAL VARIABILITY OF AQUIFER CONSTANTS1

ABSTRACT: The Ogallala aquifer in the Oklahoma Panhandle is in need of better management because of increased groundwater demand which has caused declines in static water levels at an alarming rate. A groundwater management computer model was developed for the Ogallala aquifer in the Texas Panhandle and treats the aquifer as a homogeneous system. In this study, the computer model has been modified in order to evaluate the effects of vertical layering on semi-static water level changes which occur during the dewatering of a single unconfined aquifer. The modified model was applied to a study area near Guymon, Oklahoma, using both the homogeneous and the multilayered cases. The aquifer is characterized by a saturated thickness of 400 feet. The accumulated drawdown values of the homogeneous and the multilayered cases demonstrate that an average difference of approximately 22% of the original saturated thickness occurs between the two cases before the base of the aquifer is encountered. Approximately 25% more time is required to dewater the layered aquifer. Thus, vertical variations of lithology in an aquifer such as the Ogallala should be considered when prediction is made relative to groundwater management.