酸雨对生菜的光合、抗氧化系统和产量的影响研究

目前国内外有关酸雨对植物生长危害的影响研究多集中在森林植物和粮食作物,而酸雨对叶菜类蔬菜生长的相关研究较少。酸雨的频发可能会影响蔬菜的生长,进而降低蔬菜产量。为探究酸雨对叶菜类蔬菜生理和产量的影响,选取生菜(Lactuca sativa L.var.ramosa Hort.)作为试验材料,采用野外原位研究方法,探究模拟酸雨(pH梯度为3.0、4.0、5.0)和自然降水(CK)对生菜光合、抗氧化系统和产量的影响。结果表明,pH 4.0和5.0酸雨对生菜光合系统影响不显著,pH 3.0酸雨对生菜光合系统影响显著;在整个试验期内,pH 3.0酸雨显著降低生菜净光合作用8.4%—17.0%。pH 3.0、4.0和5.0酸雨均显著提高生菜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,表明酸雨会激活生菜抗氧化系统,同时会对生菜叶片膜系统造成损伤;在第20天后,pH 3.0酸雨下生菜过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著下降13.8%%—35.2%。pH 5.0酸雨对生菜产量影响不显著;pH 4.0和3.0酸雨显著降低生菜地上部产量,分别降低14.6%和16.7%。pH 3.0酸雨使生菜地下部产量显著降低19.0%。综上可见,模拟酸雨对生菜的光合系统、抗氧化酶系统和产量均产生显著影响,且酸雨对生菜的影响阈值在pH 4—5之间,pH 4.0以下的酸雨明显降低生菜产量,但酸雨强度为pH 5.0时已存在生菜减产的风险,研究结果可为生菜栽培的相关农户以及决策部门提供参考。     

花果期持续受渍对油菜生长、产量与含油量的影响

油菜是江汉平原广泛栽培的越冬作物，在春季雨水较多时常遭遇持续受渍胁迫，对产量有明显影响。为了探索春季油菜田的排水管理，取得较高产量，通过测坑试验和小区试验，初步研究了花果斯持续受渍对油菜生长，产量和含油量的影响。结果表明：油菜花果期持续受渍，主要是通过单株的有效角果数，千粒重等因素影响产量；随着持续受渍时间的延长，各受渍处理的单株有效角果数减少，千粒重降低，产量下降，与对照相比，较短时间（比如2天）持续受渍对油菜生长发育，产量形成以及籽粒含油量影响不大，但较长时期持续受渍会对油菜的这些方面产生不良影响，此类水分胁迫是生产上重点防治的对象。因此，在考虑地下水位动脉及其作用时间对油菜影响的排渍指标研究中，应主要从持续受渍程度对产量的影响方面建立关系，确定适宜的新型排渍指标。     

PREDICTIVE ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHTS BASED ON AGRO-CLIMATIC FACTORS1

ABSTRACT: Past historical evidence indicates that droughts have had great impacts on human life. Drought (or scarcity of water) is assessed based on two key factors, namely, the estimated water demand, and the expected water supply. The formulation of these key factors for a region largely depends on the agro-climatic and economic conditions. Consideration of one such key factor is the relationship between the crop yield and water deficit in the assessment and prediction of agricultural droughts. The varying nature of this relationship from crop to crop adds to the complexity of agricultural drought analysis. To overcome this difficulty in analyzing agricultural droughts of a region, it is adequate to consider and place emphasis on a single crop (i.e., an index crop) grown homogeneously over the major area of the region. From one year to another year, the pattern of water requirement during the growing season of an index crop is rather stationary, and the water supply in arid and semi-arid area is mainly from seasonal random precipitation. In a region, grain yield of the index crop and, in turn, assessment of the severity of drought can reasonably be predicted as a function of the time of crop sowing and the distribution of rainfall, provided that temporal and spatial effects of other contributing factors (crop variety, soil fertility status, crop disease, pest control, cultivation practices etc.) on grain yield are considered to be uniformly distributed (i.e., stable). A predictive method of assessing agricultural droughts in an arid area of western India is presented. The major crop (Pearl Millet) of this region is grown from. July through September. The formulation of the proposed predictive method inherently implies that the grain yield of the main crop is a reliable indicator of agricultural drought. In the development of this predictive relationship (i.e., a regression type model) a number of potential yet simple variables affecting the grain yield in the region were investigated. The soil moisture index, although generally considered significant compared to the simple variables, has been found to account for insignificant variation in the grain yield. Results of our investigations suggest that it would be advisable to exclude the soil moisture index variable from the model. The proposed regression model can be used in the prediction of grain yield of the main crop several months ahead of crop harvesting operations and, in turn, the assessment of agricultural drought severity as mild, moderate, or severe. Such an assessment is expected to be helpful to planners for arranging appropriate measures to effectively combat agricultural drought situations.     

SNOWPACK CHANGES RESULTING FROM TIMBER HARVEST INTERCEPTION,REDISTRIBUTION, AND EVAPORATION1

ABSTRACT: Three processes were examined as causing snowpack changes in forest clearings. Two of the three contribute to increases and one counteracts by reducing snowpack. The two that increase snowpack are redistribution and decreased loss to interception. Snow evaporation from a clearing counteracts snowpack increases. Research has indicated that as vegetation density increases, so too does the loss to interception. As snow in the canopy reaches the limit that the canopy can hold (the threshold amount) evaporation increases. Aerodynamics of the forest canopy were studied as well. As timber is cut, wind patterns are disturbed, creating disruptions in the wind velocity gradient depositing snow in openings. This redistribution leads to an increased snow water equivalent and augments runoff. Snow evaporation was shown to increase proportionally with opening size. Evaporation offsets the water yield gains derived from forest cut. It was found that this offset is inclusive to the measurements of water yield changes in experimental forests. An optimal size of harvest block may be five tree heights in width as suggested by numerous studies.     

不同生境下瘤胃菌丛菌体密度与VFA的关系

在温度，搅动强度和Ｃ／Ｎ经３个生态因素发生梯度变化的情况下，本文在人工瘤胃装置内对瘤胃菌从９５０２３－１进行了连续发酵试验，逐日测定瘤肋细菌数量和ＶＦＡ产量的变化，对两者之间的关系进行了相关和回归分析。     

人─—化学农药──作物病虫害循环灾害与控制途径

立足于目前农业生产上化学农药使用的现状，从“人—化学农药—作物病虫害”系统阐述了化学农药滥用所造成的危害和灾难，并剖析了发生灾难的主要原因．用事实说明了化学农药的利弊；指出使用者的素质是能否科学用药的关键．最后，提出了克服灾害的主要途径。     

When is overfishing underfishing?

The term overfishing is being used with increasing frequency to designate an undesirable level of fisheries exploitation. All too often, however, the term is taken as being self-evident. This article demonstrates that many definitions of overfishing are possible, depending essentially on what objective is being pursued for the fishery. Various possible biological and economic objectives are considered, both in a static and dynamic model of the fishery. Consideration is given to the best utilization of the fish stock from the viewpoint of the individual fishermen as well as that of society. It is shown that overfishing by one definition may be underfishing by another, and it is concluded therefore that anyone using the term overfishing ought, as a matter of course, to define it.     

EFFECTS OF A NORTH CENTRAL WASHINGTON WILDFIRE ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION1

ABSTRACT: Runoff was measured from a 564-ha catchment located on the Entiat Experimental Forest for nine years before a severe wild-fire in 1970 destroyed the mixed conifer vegetation. Runoff records from the Chelan River (2 393 km²) were used as control data for determining changes in water yield during the seven years following the fire. The first post-fire year was a period of transition in which the soil profile retained more water than in previous years and measured runoff was 8.9 cm greater than the predicted value based on pre-fire conditions. Runoff from the burned catchment during subsequent years was much greater than measured values before the fire. Measured minus predicted runoff, based on the pre-fire calibration equation, varied from 10.7 cm during the dry year of 1977 to 47.2 cm during the abnormally wet year of 1972. Flow duration curves indicated that runoff at each percent value after the fire was at least double the comparable pre-fire value. Sediment production increased dramatically after the fire because of increased flow rates, increased overland flow caused by reduced infiltration capacity, and mass soil movement. Sediment yield is beginning to decrease as stream channels become stabilized and vegetation on upper slopes improves infiltration capacity.     

DELIVERY OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND POLLUTANTS FROM NONPOINT SOURCES DURING OVERLAND FLOW1

ABSTRACT: Delivery of sediment and particulate pollutants from diffuse sources is shown to be related to the loss of sediment carrying energy of runoff during the overland flow phase. The loss is caused by the termination of rainfall and by reduction of flow energy during the recession phase of the overland flow hydrograph. It has been demonstrated both by theoretical analyses and experimental measurements that the saturated sediment concentration in overland flow is a function of rainfall erosivity and the runoff flow rate. The hypotheses were verified by field measurements from a small homogeneous watershed.     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.