Wildfire Effects on the Quantity and Composition of Suspended and Gravel-Stored Sediments

In August of 2003 a severe wildfire burnt the majority of Fishtrap Creek, a 170 km² catchment in central British Columbia, Canada. The objective of this study was to determine the short-term (15-month) influence of the wildfire on the amount and composition of fine sediment delivery and retention in the system and to compare it to a similar unburnt catchment. In the spring of 2004 automatic water samplers were installed at a gauging site on Fishtrap Creek to collect suspended sediments from the snowmelt runoff and gravel traps were deployed on the channel bed surface to collect composite samples of suspended fine sediment. Jamieson, the reference creek, exhibits similar geology and pre-burn vegetation and was sampled in the same manner for comparison. Composite suspended sediment collected in the traps was removed from the streams in mid-summer and early September. Quantitative estimates of the amount and particle size structure of the naturally stored fine sediment in, and on, the gravel creekbed were obtained in pre-melt, mid and late-summer conditions. Estimates of suspended sediment yields indicated that while the burnt system delivered 66% more material per unit area, the total seasonal suspended sediment yield was low (855 kg km⁻²) compared to other fire-disturbed systems. While the burnt catchment was primed to deliver sediment, the hydrologic drivers were not of sufficient magnitude to generate a substantial response, suggesting that in this first post-fire year the system was transport-limited, not supply-limited. Differences were noted in the spatial and seasonal composition of the <500 more OM% composite suspended sedimentswith the burnt catchment having significantly (P≤0.05) more OM%. Seasonally a significant increase of OM% in late summer samples was associated with instream biofilms and possible delivery of black carbon. The system’s post-fire response was not geomorphically substantial but significant biological differences were noted in the short-term.     

不同经济地带旱灾灾情变化及其与粮食单产波动的关系

旱灾是造成我国农业经济损失中最严重的气象灾害,加强旱灾研究已是当务之急。选择旱灾受灾面积占总受灾面积之比、旱灾受灾率、旱灾成灾面积占总成灾面积之比、旱灾成灾面积占旱灾受灾面积之比、旱灾受灾率异常指数等作为旱灾灾情指标,通过对东、中、西三大经济地带旱灾灾情的时空变化规律,及其与粮食单产波动相关关系的分析,探讨了我国粮食生产的波动性及受旱灾影响的区域特征。结果表明,三大经济地带旱灾受灾程度在20世纪70年代以后呈加重态势,且与粮食单产波动系数具有较明显的负相关关系。     

基于WOFOST模型的京津冀地区冬小麦生产潜力评价

研究利用近40年的逐日气候数据,借助WOFOST作物模型模拟分析了京津冀地区冬小麦的生产潜力,通过与实际产量的比较,探讨了提高冬小麦产量的潜力与措施。研究表明：①京津冀地区(除张家口和承德地区)冬小麦光温潜力介于6934~9143kg/hm²之间,从冀中南部向京津地区和冀东北地区逐渐增大,区域平均生产潜力为8037kg/hm²;②冬小麦雨养潜力介于4515~6639kg/hm²之间,由东部和南部随降水量降低依次向西北递减,到冀西北区降至最低,区域平均产量为5771kg/hm²;③影响冬小麦产量的自然因子中,水分是关键限制要素,北部地区也受低温霜冻的影响;④京津冀中部和南部地区的冬小麦生产潜力年际变化波动相对较小,东北部变化波动相对较大;⑤2005-2007年研究区冬小麦的实际单产在2721~7300kg/hm²之间,区域平均5247kg/hm²,相当于潜在产量的50%~80%,其中石家庄地区附近实际产量达到潜在产量的80%以上,天津和沧州地区以及邯郸地区,实际产量与潜在产量的差距较大。     

利用微生物菌群低温下提高沼气产气量试验研究

实验室筛选培养出厌氧水解细菌混合菌A和厌氧纤维素分解菌混合菌B。利用这两类厌氧发酵混合菌,研究了3种不同配方的混合菌对猪粪沼气发酵产气率的影响。3种配方的实验组的沼气产量分别比对照组提高28.08%、24.93%和32.95%。3种配方对原料TS(Total Solid)的利用率均有提高,TS利用率分别比对照提高9.42%、6.02%和11.78%。以上结果表明,实验室所筛选的厌氧水解细菌混合菌A和厌氧纤维素分解菌混合菌B,都有利于提高猪粪发酵的沼气产量、原料利用率,是一种极有开发前景的沼气发酵生物活性添加剂。     

气象因素与早稻产量因子的相关性分析

为了探明气象因素对南方稻区早稻产量因子及产量的影响,应用杂交早稻组合金优402于2003—2009年种植在湖南省内7个生态点的产量因子和相应的气象数据,建立早稻不同生育时期的日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温、相对湿度和日照时数等气象因素与总苗数、成穗率、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重等产量因子的回归方程,研究影响湖南早稻产量因子的主要气象因素及其敏感时期。结果表明:移栽后24～27 d的低温阴雨导致早稻分蘖数不足;分蘖成穗率主要受移栽后33～41 d的气温和日照时数影响,随温度升高和日照时数延长而升高;每穗总粒数与始穗前9～1 d的日均温、始穗前9～4 d的日最高气温及始穗前10～5 d的日照时数呈正相关,而与此期的相对湿度呈负相关;结实率与始穗前14～9 d的日均温、日最低气温呈正相关,而与始穗前9～5 d的日最高气温和日照时数表现为负相关;千粒重与始穗前25～20 d的相对湿度、始穗后14～20 d的日照时数呈正相关,而与始穗前25～20 d的日均温、始穗后17～22d的日最低气温表现出负相关。     

Optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology for bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum

The optimization of process parameters for the bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum was investigated using response surface methodology （RSM）. The three parameters namely temperature of 33℃, agitation of 150 r/min, and pH of 5 were chosen as center point from the previous study of fungal treatment. The experimental data on chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal （%） were fitted into a quadratic polynomial model using multiple regression analysis. The optimum process conditions were determined by analyzing response surface three-dimensional surface plot and contour plot and by solving the regression model equation with Design Expert software. Box-Behnken design technique under RSM was used to optimize their interactions, which showed that an incubation temperature of 32.5℃, agitation of 105 r/min, and pH of 5.5 were the best conditions. Under these conditions, the maximum predicted yield of COD removal was 98.43%. These optimum conditions were used to evaluate the trail experiment, and the maximum yield of COD removal was recorded as 98.5%.     

太湖流域稻田不同氮肥管理模式下的氮素平衡特征及环境效应评价

研究了不同氮肥管理模式下的稻田氮素平衡特征和环境效应.在太湖主要入湖河流直湖港下游开展了农户常规施肥处理、缓控释肥处理、有机无机肥配施处理、按需施肥处理以及化肥减量优化处理5种氮肥管理模式的田间小区试验,实测了稻季的径流和淋洗氮损失,估算了氨挥发和N₂O等气体损失,分析了不同氮肥处理下的环境排放量和氮素平衡特征.与农户常规施肥处理相比,其他处理在减少氮肥总投入量20%～40%的情况下产量与农户对照基本持平,氮肥利用率提高了14.5%～44%.不同氮肥管理模式下,缓控释肥处理和按需施肥处理的氮环境排放量最低,比农户施肥处理分别降低了52.8%和45.4%.在等氮量投入下,有机无机配施处理比纯化肥处理减少了环境氮排放量.农户施肥处理存在着明显的氮盈余,增加了麦季氮流失的风险,按需施肥处理略微出现氮亏缺,在一定程度上减少了麦季氮流失风险.新型缓控释肥处理和按需施肥处理能在不降低产量和效益的情况下,提高氮肥利用率,减少环境排放量,是值得在太湖流域推广的经济环保氮肥管理模式.     

基于水蚯蚓摄食活性污泥的生长动力学研究

基于水蚯蚓摄食活性污泥的批量培养试验,考察了水蚯蚓在活性污泥中的生长规律,以及底物、溶解氧浓度由低到高变化对水蚯蚓比增长速率的影响.结果表明,在水温25℃±0.5℃、溶解氧4 mg.L-1、底物浓度4 000 mg.L-1条件下培养18周,水蚯蚓体重随培养时间的变化趋势较好地符合Gauss函数,最大比增长速率μAWma...     

生态足迹方法在中国应用的案例初探

生态足迹方法通过估算维持人类生存的自然资源消费量和同化人类产生的废弃物所需要的生态性生产空间面积大小,并与给定人口区域的生态承载力进行比较,衡量区域的可持续发展状况。本文介绍了生态足迹模型的理论依据和计算方法,从模型方法应用范围,计算所需资料和模型自身三方面分析了生态足迹方法在我国应用中存在的问题和方法本身的不足。详细分析和比较了生态足迹方法在我国不同省市及地区的应用案例,结果表明,经济比较发达地区很大程度上需要通过地区贸易从不发达地区输入生态足迹,因而加重了不发达地区的生态负担。     

干旱对辽宁省玉米产量影响及风险区划

以辽宁省14个市1967-2006年降水量逐月数据和玉米产量数据为基础,应用滑动直线平均法、相关分析等数理统计方法,结合GIS技术对各地区玉米因旱减产程度及风险大小进行分析。结果表明,不同地区干旱对产量的制约程度不同,据此划分为两类地区:A类地区干旱是玉米产量的主要制约因素,B类地区干旱对玉米产量影响不明显。根据A类地区确定因旱减产指标:当降水负距平分别为20%、20%～40%、40%～60%时对应的玉米减产率分别为5%、5%～11%、11%～17%。综合产量波动、减产强度、抗旱能力三要素进行干旱灾害风险区划,结果显示辽宁省因旱减产风险由西向东逐渐减弱。