可同化有机碳(AOC)产率系数测定优化及接种方法对比研究

在对测定可同化有机碳(AOC)所需接种液中荧光假单胞杆菌P17及螺旋菌NOX的浓度随培养时间变化规律进行研究的基础上,进一步研究了两种细菌培养后其浓度与标准乙酸碳(Ac-C)浓度之间的相关性.结果表明,当Ac-C浓度75μg·L~(-1)时,标准乙酸碳溶液的浓度与细菌浓度具有较好的线性关系;当Ac-C浓度75μg·L~(-1)时,两者的线性关系减弱;传统AOC检测方法选取[Ac-C]=100μg·L~(-1)作为产率对照在低浓度条件下是不准确的.本文在此基础上提出了产率系数的优化计算方法并确定其适用范围(AOC-P17:0～75μg·L~(-1);AOC-NOX:0～75μg·L~(-1)),该方法进一步提高了该范围内AOC测定结果的准确性.通过对AOC测定过程中3种接种方式的对比研究,发现分别接种法误差较大;同时接种法在平板计数阶段两种细菌菌落之间存在掩盖现象,结果不稳定;先后接种法测定结果较为准确,可较好地反映水中AOC的浓度.将优化后的产率系数测定方法应用于先后接种法并与传统测定方法进行对比,结果证明,优化后的测定方法准确度更高.     

Deficit Irrigation Management of Maize in the High Plains Aquifer Region: A Review

Irrigated agriculture is a major economic contributor of the High Plains Region and it primarily relies on the High Plains Aquifer as a source of water. Over time, areas of the High Plains Aquifer have experienced drawdowns limiting its ability to supply sufficient water to sustain fully irrigated crop production. This among other reasons, including variable climatic factors and differences in state water policy, has resulted in some areas adopting and practicing deficit irrigation management. Considerable research has been conducted across the High Plains Aquifer region to identify locally appropriate deficit irrigation strategies. This review summarizes and discusses research conducted in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and Texas, as well as highlights areas for future research. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Using Fallout Lead-210 Measurements to Estimate Soil Erosion in Three Small Catchments in Southern Italy

Soil erosion and associated off-site environmental impacts have attracted increasing attention in recent decades, and there is a growing need for reliable information on rates of soil loss. The potential for using ¹³⁷Cs fallout to quantify rates and patterns of soil redistribution over medium-term timescales (ca. 45 years) has been successfully demonstrated in a wide range of environments around the world. The similar behaviour of fallout ²¹⁰Pb in soils offers potential for its use as an alternative to ¹³⁷Cs, in areas where ¹³⁷Cs inventories are low or are complicated by additional fallout from the Chernobyl accident. There have, however, to date been few attempts to validate the use of fallout ²¹⁰Pb measurements for assessing erosion rates. This paper reports an attempt to explore the use of fallout ²¹⁰Pb to estimate rates of water-induced soil erosion on uncultivated land. It focuses on three small forest/rangeland catchments located in Calabria, southern Italy, for which measurements of sediment output are available. Comparison of the estimates of net soil loss from the catchments derived from ²¹⁰Pb measurements with the measured sediment output, confirmed the validity of the ²¹⁰Pb approach. The soil redistribution rates estimated using ²¹⁰Pb measurements were also consistent with equivalent estimates obtained for the same study catchments using ¹³⁷Cs measurements.     

中国小麦生产的区域比较气候风险研究

以减产率〉5．0％界定灾年，分析了中国各省（市、自治区）小麦灾年发生的风险概率、平均减产率和变异系数，及其与全国平均水平相比的区域比较风险度、减产度和变异度。基于以上3个区域灾年减产率的比较指标，得到了区域比较气候风险指标；利用区域比较气候风险对中国小麦生产进行了分区论述，同时得出了小麦总产量损失与播种面积呈显著正相关，与小麦单产只有一般中度相关，而与比较气候风险基本不相关的关系，并指出了区域比较气候风险指标与防灾减灾工作的关系。     

底墒对小麦根冠生长及土壤水分利用的影响

在中国气象局固城农业气象试验基地大型水分试验场,进行了不同底墒处理对冬小麦根冠生长发育、产量构成因子和土壤水分利用影响的试验,不同底墒处理对应的播种时的土壤相对湿度分别为:>80％,75％～80％,70％～75％,65％～70％和<65％。结果表明:底墒对冬小麦的根、茎、叶等有不同程度的影响,其中对根的影响尤为显著。充足的底墒能够促进根系对土壤水分和养分的吸收,提高土壤水分利用率,使收获时土壤残留水分减少,扩充了土壤水库的库容,使其能够在汛期到来时,接纳蓄存更多的降水,充分发挥土壤水库的调控功能。叶的生长发育与底墒之间也存在明显的相关关系,底墒与叶面积指数存在着显著的幂函数关系;底墒对总穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和地上总干物重等有显著影响,小麦的穗粒重和底墒有显著的二次曲线(抛物线)关系,由此求得最佳底墒为85.37％(占田间持水量百分比)。     

Living Amidst Large Wildlife: Livestock and Crop Depredation by Large Mammals in the Interior Villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve,South India

Conflict with humans over livestock and crops seriously undermines the conservation prospects of India's large and potentially dangerous mammals such as the tiger (Panthera tigris) and elephant (Elephas maximus). This study, carried out in Bhadra Tiger Reserve in south India, estimates the extent of material and monetary loss incurred by resident villagers between 1996 and 1999 in conflicts with large felines and elephants, describes the spatiotemporal patterns of animal damage, and evaluates the success of compensation schemes that have formed the mainstay of loss-alleviation measures. Annually each household lost an estimated 12% (0.9 head) of their total holding to large felines, and approximately 11% of their annual grain production (0.82 tonnes per family) to elephants. Compensations awarded offset only 5% of the livestock loss and 14% of crop losses and were accompanied by protracted delays in the processing of claims. Although the compensation scheme has largely failed to achieve its objective of alleviating loss, its implementation requires urgent improvement if reprisal against large wild mammals is to be minimized. Furthermore, innovative schemes of livestock and crop insurance need to be tested as alternatives to compensations.     

A COMPARISON OF SURFACE RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM LOW- AND HIGH-SEVERITY SITE PREPARATION BURNS1

ABSTRACI:. Slash burning is a common site preparation technique used after timber harvest throughout the Southeastern United States. Little quantitative information exists on the hydrologic response to burn severity. This study compared the effects of low-severity and high-severity burns on runoff and sediment yields during rainfall simulation and during natural rainfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Fire severity was largely determined by moisture conditions of the forest floor prior to ignition. Runoff and sediment yield variability was high between plots within the same treatment area due to differences in forest floor characteristics and infiltration rates. Conditions of high-severity resulted when burning was conducted with relatively dry fuels. Sediment yields were 40-times greater for the high-severity treatment areas than the low-severity treatment areas.     

Physical characteristics of conditioned anaerobic digested sludge - A fractal,transient and dynamic rheological viewpoint

The changes in the physical characteristics of unconditioned and conditioned anaerobic digested sludge (ADS) biosolids,such as capillary suction time (CST),yield stress,average size and fractal dimensions,were investigated through a CST test,transient and dynamic rheological test and image analysis.The results showed that the optimum polymer dose range was observed when CST or its reciprocal value was employed as an indicator.There were good correlations between the yield stresses determined from both a controlled shear stress test and a strain amplitude sweep test.The yield stress and storage modulus (G') increased as the polymer dose increased in most cases.A frequency sweep test revealed that polymer conditioning could extend the frequency sweep ranges for their elastic behaviors over viscous behaviors as well as the gel-like structure in the linear viscoelastic range.These results implied that more deformation energy was stored in this rigid structure,and that elastic behavior became increasingly dominant with the addition of the polymer in most cases.In addition,both the average sizes and two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids presented a similar up-climax-down variation trend as the polymer doses increased,whereas the critical polymer doses at the highest average sizes or two-dimensional fractal dimensions,were different.Correlation analysis revealed that the conditioned ADS dewaterability was not correlated with the yield stresses,while the average sizes or the two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids could be taken as the indication parameters for ADS dewaterability.     

黄土高原侵蚀产沙与高含沙水流空间分异对比分析

论文研究了黄土高原侵蚀产沙、高含沙水流的空间分布特征,并对比分析了两者空间分布的异同。结果表明:黄土高原高含沙水流高发区、侵蚀产沙高值区呈带状分布,大致为东北—西南向,带状区域中包括三个高峰区;黄土高原降雨量、NDVI等值线的空间分布方向与侵蚀产沙带及高含沙水流高发区延伸方向平行,侵蚀产沙带及高含沙水流高发区基本位于200~600 mm降雨量及NDVI值为0.15~0.25范围内,当降雨量达到400 mm及NDVI为0.17时侵蚀产沙达到峰值,而当降雨量为400 mm及NDVI为0.2时,高含沙水流达到峰值;影响因素对侵蚀产沙、高含沙水流发生的作用规律的一致性,决定了黄土高原侵蚀产沙与高含沙水流分布的相似性,而侵蚀产沙、高含沙水流对影响因素响应程度的差异,是两者空间分布差异的重要原因。     

单产提升潜力衰减模型法在河南粮食单产中长期预测中的应用研究

粮食单产水平的提高是河南粮食增产的主要原因,准确预测粮食单产水平,对科学判断河南粮食生产能力、制定粮食生产战略意义重大。论文针对目前直接以单产为变量建立的预测模型未能反映出单产增长的有限性和增速的减缓性之不足,研究提出了一种基于单产提升潜力衰减过程的单产预测方法。该方法利用河南耕地的平均单产潜力和历年实际单产数据,计算得到河南历年单产可提升潜力值;依据单产提升潜力理论上呈逐渐衰减之变化特点,可采用指数衰减函数建立单产提升潜力回归模型,以达到间接预测单产之目的。结果表明：1）单产提升潜力对数值与时间t之间具有高度负线性相关关系,适宜建立指数回归模型;2）回归模型V_q-V_t=e^{-0.009 5t+9.464 7}拟合优度R²=0.973 1,在0.01置信水平上回归显著;3）预测模型反映出了单产提升潜力的有限性和衰减性,即单产潜力对单产水平的限制性,模型理论诠释清晰;4）利用河南1978—2000年的单产数据作为样本建立预测模型,用样本以外2001—2015年的实际单产作为观测值,对预测单产进行模型预测检验,结果表明该模型预测单产绝对误差均值为129.15 kg/hm²,仅为现有方法的0.17~0.82倍,且误差平稳,适宜于单产中长期预测;5）预测得河南2020、2025、2030年的平均单产分别为6 375、6 765、7 155 kg/hm²,年均增幅为85.20~74.55 kg/hm²,增速呈逐渐减缓趋势。